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1、冠词 （article)1这里应该使用一根S形管。An S-shaped pipe should be used here.如果在电阻器上加上电位差，电阻器中就会有电流流动。If a potential difference is applied across a resistor, an electric current will flow/result in the resistor.2在普通的单数可数名词前须有冠词，泛指时多用不定冠词。3不定冠词 （a, an)A typical room has a height of 2 to 3 meters.Chemists measure ma
2、ss on a balance.These chemical properties can be observed when a substance undergoes a chemical reaction.4前面已提到过的或同一句中第二次提到的或心中特指的事物，以及带有后置修饰语的名词，其前应该使用定冠词。5电路某一段的电阻等于其电压与流过该段电路的电流之比。The resistance of a given section of an electric circuit is equal to the ratio of its voltage to the current through
3、this section of the circuit.系统控制是一门跨学科的科目。The control of systems is an interdisciplinary subject.6注意：1）很多情况下，在不强调特指时，带有后置定语的复数名词前可以不用定冠词。7化学中所使用的温度计是用摄氏度来标记的。Thermometers used in chemistry are marked in degrees Celsius. 在这种情况下，我们只需要测出该电路两端的电位差。In this case, all we need to do is measure the potential
4、 difference across two terminals of the circuit.82）有些情况下，在带有后置定语而不强调特指的可数名词单数前，也可以使用不定冠词。9化合物是能够分解成两种或多种元素的纯净物质。A compound is a pure substance that can be broken down into two or more elements.现今在美国常用的一种温度标是基于Daniel Fahrenheit 的工作之上的。A temperature scale in common use in the United States today is ba
5、sed on the work of Daniel Fahrenheit. 10名词前不加冠词或省略冠词的常见情况。11泛指的物质名词及不可数名词前不加冠词；表示一类的复数名词前不加冠词。12信息就是知识。Information is knowledge.电广泛地应用于工农业。Electricity is widely used in industry and agriculture.机器靠电力运转。 Machines are run by electricity.13论文、书籍的各级标题前的冠词可以省略。14无线电波与水波的比较(A) Comparison of Radio Waves wi
6、th Water Waves图像处理的研究(The) Research on Image Processing计算机入门(An) Introduction to Computers15人名、地名、单位名称、机构名称和国家名称16图示说明文字中一般可省略冠词。17Fig. 1-1 (The) Block diagram of (a) typical digital computer图1-1 典型数字计算机的方框图18可数名词单数形式泛指时可省略冠词（特别是在between A and B, from A to B, the variation of A with B 等表达中，A和B之前可以省略
7、定冠词）。19欧姆首先发现了电流、电压、电阻之间的关系。Ohm first discovered the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance.图1-5画出了输出随输入的变化情况。Fig. 1-5 shows the variation of output with input.20表示职位的名词或者表示独一无二的人之前一般不用冠词。21This is called a hertz in honor of Heinrich Hertz, discoverer of the radio waves.22如果不是“独一无二”，则
8、必须加上冠词。23“Scientists see this as the last industrial moment,” said Frank Y. Fradin, a physicist at the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago.24人名的所有格之前不用冠词。25这些是麦克斯韦方程。These are Maxwells equations.Kirchhoff定律对分析网络很有帮助。Kirchhoffs rules are very useful to the analysis of networks.此等式被称为欧姆定律。This eq
9、uation is known as Ohms law.26但如果人名直接修饰普通名词，则其前一般要用定冠词。27This model is called the Bohr model.The Wien bridge is also useful as a frequency-selective network.维恩电桥也可作为频率选择网络。28方程、表达式、公式、图表、章节、页码等后跟数字表示“第”时，其前面不得加冠词。29使用方程（2-1）时必须注意符号。In using equation (2-1), attention must be paid to the sign.这一点将在第五章
10、加以讨论。This point will be discussed in Chapter 5.此现象已在第3.5节讲过了。This phenomenon was described in Section 3.5.30在解释方程、公式、表达式等里面的参数时，一般不用冠词。31S=vt, where S=distance, v=velocity, and t=time32在表示下定义的句型by A is meant B中，A之前不用冠词。33频率指的是某物每秒钟重复的次数。By frequency is meant the number of times something repeats its
11、elf per second.By linear operation is meant the ability of an amplifier to amplify signals with little or no distortion. 所谓线性工作指的是放大器以很小的失真或毫无失真地放大信号的能力。34在学科名称前不用冠词。35数学是科学上非常有用的工具。Mathematics is a very useful tool in science.电子学属于物理学的一个分支。Electronics belongs to a branch of physics.36表示“在某一方面”时不用冠词
12、。37这个设备性能很好。This device is very good in performance.计算机的体积各不相同。Computers differ greatly in size.38在“每(per)”之后不用冠词。39无线电波每秒传播30万公里。Radio waves travel 300,000 kilometers per second.其频率稳定度为百万分之六。Its frequency stability is six parts per million.40不用冠词的其他情况。41These are data in polar form.这些是极坐标形式的数据。They
13、 take place in reversed order.它们逆序发生。42在same前须用定冠词。43In this case, its potential difference is the same as the EMF of the battery.在这种情况下，其电位差与电源电动势相同。这两个名称在含义上相同。These two names are the same in meaning.44Any, None, Neither, Either, All, Most, One, Each, The rest + of the +名词表达中须用定冠词。45这里的所有设备都是国产的。A
14、ll of the devices here are home made.现有的书本均没有提到这个问题。None of the texts available mention this problem. 46几个名词并列时一般共用第一个名词前的冠词。47将冷热水混合后，我们会得到两千克温度为50摄氏度的水。After the hot and cold water have been mixed, we will have 2kg of water at a temperature of 50 degrees Celsius. These convenient sources of electr
15、ical signals are useful in the test, maintenance, or operation of a wide variety of electrical apparatus. 这些方便的电信号源对各种电气设备的测试、维护或运行很有用。48当表示“比较一下”、“计算一下”、“了解一下”、“考察一下”、“做一比较”、“做一分析”、“做一研究”、”做一讨论“等时，抽象名词前一般使用不定冠词。49让我们粗略地估算一下那里的压力。Lets make a rough estimate of the pressure there.本书范围有限，无法对所有这些数学方法都作详细的讨论。The scope of this book does not permit a detailed discussion of all of these mathematical devices. There is a growing awareness that this techni
