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1、,McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved.,Chapter 5,Planning, Composing & Revising,Good Writers Four Composing Activities Time Management Brainstorm, Plan, & Organize Revise, Edit, and Proofread Feedback Writers Block,Ways Good Writers Write,Revise first dr
2、afts Write regularly Break big jobs into small chunks Focus on purpose, audience Choose from several different strategies Use rules flexibly Finish a draft before editing text,Four Basic Composing Activities,Plan analyze, gather Write transform ideas into words Revise evaluate, get feedback, change
3、Edit correct grammar, typos,1. Planning,Analyze problem, define purposes, analyze audiences Think of information; gather it Research: files, books, magazines, Web sites Choose organization pattern Make an outline,2. Writing,Put ideas into words on paper or screen Make a list Jot notes Do stream-of-c
4、onsciousness writing Create formal draft,3. Revising,Evaluate in terms of audience, goals, and situation Will audience understand it? Is it complete? Is it convincing; also, friendly? Get feedback from someone else Add, delete, substitute, or rearrange single words or large sections.,4. Editing,Focu
5、s on surface of message: Standard English Grammar correct typographical errors,More About Composing Activities,Dont have to do in 1-2-3 order Dont have to finish one to start another Dont have to use all activities for every message,Writing & Time Management,1/3 - Write,1/3 - Analyze situation, gath
6、er information, organize message,1/3 Revise, edit, and proofread,Brainstorm, Plan & Organize,When content isnt obvious Brainstorm Freewrite Cluster Talk to audiences,Brainstorm,Quickly jot all the ideas you can Try for a dozen ideas without stopping When ideas run out, judge each idea on list,Freewr
7、ite,Write nonstop for 10 to 12 min. Read and identify best points Repeat Step 1 on clean page Keep all usable text,Cluster,Write topic at middle of page Write related ideas around it Look for patterns, repeated ideas Group related ideas by color Use groups to develop content,Cluster: Example,Talk to
8、 Your Audiences,Involve readers in planning Helps reduce the number of revisions,Revise, Edit & Proofread,Revise change content to satisfy purposes and audiences Edit change mechanical flaws, grammar errors Proofread correct typing errors,When You Revise,Revise draft three times or more Content and
9、clarity Organization and layout Goodwill factors You-attitude Positive emphasis Tone and style,When You Revise, continued,Try redrafting on blank page and use WIRMI: What I Really Mean Is Read the document from start to finish Do light revision when time is short,Revise Content & Clarity,Are all pur
10、poses met? Is needed information included, accurate, and clear? Is the message easy to read? Is each sentence clear? Is logic clear and convincing? Is logic backed up with details?,Revise Organization & Layout,Is organization pattern effective? Do ideas flow smoothly? Is visual design effective? Is
11、emphasis appropriate? Are first and last paragraphs effective?,Visual Design = Margins Headings Font size Bullets Bold text White space,Recall 10 Easy-Reading Techniques Chapter 4,Revise Style & Tone,Does the message use you-attitude and positive emphasis? Is it friendly and bias-free? Does it conve
12、y goodwill?,When You Edit,Revise first; then edit Edit hard copy, not screen Check errors you often make: Sentence structure Agreement: subj./verb, noun/pro. Punctuation, numbers Word usage, spelling,When You Proofread,Check with spell checker and by eye Swap copy with proofing buddy Read once quick
13、ly for meaning Read again slowly Correct any error; reread that line When you know text well Read backward (short) Read pages out of order (long),Triple-Check Numbers Headings First Last Readers name,Use Feedback,Ask for feedback you want Approach Benefits Tone Grammar Heed comments, even if you disagree Rephrase Give more details Document sources,Overcome Writers Block,Prepare for writing Write regularly and in moderation Use positive self-talk about writing Talk about writing with others,
