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1、英语长句翻译的原则（二）,首先是理解原文，摆脱原文的形式约束，进入到语义的深层次，判断分析各种内在的实质是隐含的逻辑关系。然后再回到汉语的表层形式上来。在组织汉语的过程中，我们可以遵从下面的一些原则。,1时间原则,汉语在叙述一系列事件时，一般遵从“先发生的先说，后发生的后说”的原则。We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959. （句子依照反时间顺序；先议后叙）试比
2、较：我们在1959年离开了中国，此后，中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。我们在国内读到这方面的消息，心情颇为低沉。（句子依照自然的时间顺序展开，先叙后议）,The lightly regarded Swede, in becoming the first native-born Scandinavian ever to win the title, floored Patterson seven times before the referee halted the fight in the third round. 在第三个回合里裁判员叫停之前， 这位不太被人看得起的瑞典人七次将帕特森打倒在地。 于
3、是他成了第一个获得此项冠军的斯堪的纳维亚人。（刘振江，“翻译与语言深层结构的划分”）,2空间原则,汉语在表述空间关系时，一般按照由近及远，由此及彼，由大及小的顺序，少数时候也遵从由远及近，由彼及此，由小及大。比如：The deserted mining villages, protruding pitheads overgrown with tall grass and rusting refineries behind crumbling walls situated in valleys, were surrounded by thick wooded mountain slopes, h
4、ot springs gushing out here and there.按照从村里向村外的视角方向，译文可以组织为：这些荒芜的矿村位于山谷之中，突兀的矿井口上长着深深的野草，破败的屋墙后是锈迹斑斑的冶炼设备。山谷周围群山环抱，山上树林密布，温热的泉水随处涌出。形合转换为意合,3层次原则,汉语在叙述层次含孕的关系时，一般按照由总及分的顺序，少数时候也遵从由分及总。比如：His period in office was marked by a steep rise in Irans oil revenues and the beginning of a social-political cri
5、sis brought on by wide-scale misuse of the 22 billion a year earnings from oil.他执政期间，有两个突出的事件：一是伊朗的石油收入迅猛上升，二是大规模地滥用每年二百二十亿美元的石油收益而引发的社会政治危机。,Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requireme
6、nt, or more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.本句的逻辑关系是，先呈现观点“Many man-made substances are replac
7、ing certain natural materials”，然后再分述两条原因，而第二条原因中又包含着复杂的语法结构。汉语中我们可以按照“由总及分”的顺序简明地阐述为：,Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quantity of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement, or more often, because the physical properties of th
8、e synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.很多人造材料正在取代天然材料，一方面是因为天然材料的产量难以满足日益增长的需要；更重要的原因是，人们选择了合成材料（即通常所称的人造材料）的一些物理特性并加以突出，以便它能在应用领域发挥最大的作用。,The or
9、iginal members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations Conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January, 1942, sign the present Charter and ratify it in accordance
10、with Article 110.联合国之创始会员国必须满足两个条件：1、或者此前曾参加在旧金山举行的关于成立国际组织的联合国大会，或者此前曾在1942年1月1日签署联合国宣言；2、签订本宪章、并根据第110款批准本宪章。,Group discussion,Multitudes of bees used to bury themselves in the yellow blossoms of the summer squashes. This, too, was a deep satisfaction; although, when they had laden themselves with
11、 sweets, they flew away to some unknown hive, which could give back nothing in requital of what my garden had contributed.在夏天，成群结队的蜜蜂则喜欢一头扎进黄色的南瓜花里。当它们载满了蜜汁，便会飞到那些我无从知晓的巢穴中，不再对我花园的奉献作任何酬答。而我，依然是深深的心满意足。（试比较：“在夏天，成群结队的蜜蜂则喜欢一头扎进黄色的南瓜花里。我也感到无比满意。当它们载满了蜜汁，便会飞到那些我无从知晓的巢穴中，不再对我花园的奉献作任何酬答。”,4因果组块原则,在叙述因果关系
12、时，汉语一般是原因在前，结果在后，少数时候也遵从结果在前，原因在后。比如：Attracting specialized, career-focused students is one reason Stanford University Medical Center overhauled（彻底检查，大修） its curriculum and required students to pick a concentration by the end of their first year.斯坦福大学医学中心重新调整了课程体系，并要求学生在第一学年结束时选择专业方向，其目的之一便是为了吸引细化专业
13、、有明确职业目标的学生。,A long standing reticence（沉默），perhaps born of national abhorrence（憎恨） of monarchies and kings, kept faces and portraits off United States coins as a regular practice until 1909, the centennial （100周年）of Abraham Lincolns birth.句子的主干结构是：reticence kept faces and portraits off United States
14、 coins。在句子的前半部分中，“perhaps born of national abhorrence ”和“a long standing reticence”是因果关系，可以按因果组块来安排；综观整个句子，又可以用时间组块来安排：或许是出于国民长期以来对独裁和君主的憎恨，美国人一直不情愿在钱币上刻印肖像和人物。这一惯例一直持续到1909年，即亚伯拉罕林肯诞辰100周年时，才被打破。,5 信息值比较原则,According Hallidayian grammar, an information unit is composed of a theme and a rheme.eg:(In
15、stylistics, foregrounding and backgrouding are used; in psycholinguistic, saliency/salient is used)The crop was destroyed by the rain.Theme rhemeGiven/old new/expected(information)Low value high value(information),Mr. Smith is the chairman.The chairman is Mr. Smith.屡战屡败。屡败屡战。有啥吃啥。吃啥有啥。,信息排列方式：功能学派认为
16、信息的聚焦原则是旧信息在前，新信息在后，对此我们称为无标记聚焦(unmarked focus)。在特定的语境中为了达到强调效果，也将新信息放在句首，旧信息放在句后，对此我们称为标记聚焦(marked focus)。Eg:Great was his joy when he put the bird into the cage.It is the chimp that has been chosen as the subject.Rachel is my name.,汉语在行文时，一般按照“低值信息在前，高值信息在后”、“已知信息在前，新知信息在后”、“确定信息在前，不定信息在后”的规则来陈述逻辑关系。如： Physicians in training must learn a staggering array of facts required by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, North Americas accrediting authority for medical schools. 医学教育联络委员会是北美医科院校资格认证机构，它要求在学的医生必须熟记大量的材料。,
