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1、Unit3 Grammar,Object clauses （宾语从句） and Predicative clauses（表语从句）,学习目标： 知识目标： 一个定义； 两个注意； 三个要素； 四个不同。 能力目标： 通过自主学习，小组合作，正确使用 宾语从句和表语从句。 情感目标： 体会在学习中通过团队协作所带来的 愉悦和成功。 学习重点： 从句中引导词的选用。 学习难点： 语序和时态的呼应。,Object Clauses 宾语从句,什么是宾语？,I know him. Do you have the time? Why dont you pay attention to me? I enjo
2、y working with you.,宾语 位于谓语动词或者介词后,1. I know him . 2. I know who he is .,主语,谓语,宾语,（简单句）,主语,谓语,宾 语 从 句,连接词,从句主语,从句谓语,主 句,（复合句）,一、 定义： 在复合句中，做宾语的句子就是宾语从句。,位置：宾语从句常跟在及物动词或介词后，一些表示“情感”的形容词（sure, certain, glad, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised等）后也可接宾语从句。,句子结构： 主句 +连接词（引导词）+ 宾语从句,二、宾语从句三要素,引导词（连接词） 时 态 语
3、 序,句子类型,that,陈述句,一般疑问句,if/whether（是否）,特殊疑问词,特殊疑问句,1. 当宾语从句是陈述句时（包括肯定句和否定句），连词由that引导，因为that在从句中不作任何成分，也没有任何具体意思，因此在口语或非正式文体中常省略。,课文原句：,我们知道你工作是很卖力的。,We know (that) youre hard-working.,你千万不要以为我们不在意你的感受。,You mustnt think (that) we dont care about you.,连接词（引导词）,宾语从句中that在以下三种情况下不能省略： （1）当that 从句与另一名词性从
4、句并列作宾语时，第二个that不能省； （2）当that作介词（in, except, but, besides）宾语时，that不可省掉； （3）一些动词后习惯用it做形式宾语，that从句做真正的宾语时，that不可省.（find, feel, think, consider, make, believe等） Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried. The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. I think it necessary that y
5、ou should read English aloud.,2. 当宾语从句是一般疑问句时，由连词whether或if引导， “是否”，在从句中不充当任何成分但不能省略。,课文原句：,我想，亚当斯先生，你是否介意我们问几个问题。,I wonder, Mr. Adams, if youd mind us asking a few questions.,我不知道是否能活到早晨.,I dont know whether I could survive until morning.,当有or not时就用whether,不用if. I dont know whether or not I will s
6、tay. 介词后面的宾语从句不能用if. I worry about whether I hurt her feeling. whether也可与动词不定式连用但if不能。 I have not decided whether to go or not.,whether和if的使用区别:,Practice time: if/whether,I asked her _ she had a bike. Were worried about _ he is safe. I dont know _ he is well or not. 4. I dont know _ I should go.,if
7、/ whether,whether,whether,whether/if,_ to go.,whether,3. 当宾语从句是特殊疑问句时，由疑问词（what, who, whom, which；whose； when, where, how, why等）引导，因为疑问词在从句中担任一定的句子成分，具有一定的意义，所以不可以省略.,I asked him where/how/why I could get so much money Do you know what time the plane leaves ? _ the plane leaves?,when,课文原句：是一个叫亨利亚当斯的
8、，一个美国商人，在伦敦迷了路， 不知道该怎么办。,It is Henry Adams, an American businessman, who is lost in London and does not know what he should do,如果你不介意，我能不能问问，你手头上有多少钱？,If you dont mind, may I ask you how much money you have?,、时态 1. 如果主句是现在的时态（包括一般现在时 ,现在进行时，现在完成时)，从句的时态可根据实际情况而定，（包括一般现在时，一般过去时，一般将来时，现在完成时等）,I know h
9、e lives here . ( live ) I know he lived here ten years ago . (live) I have heard that he will come tomorrow . (come),2.如果主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时， 过去完成时）,I knew who lived here. (live) He was wondering whether his father would come back tomorrow. (come ) He s
10、aid that he had seen it . (see),3.当从句是客观真理，自然现象，定义，公理，定理 时用一般现在时。,The teacher said that the earth _ around the sun. (travel) Dad told us that it _ better to do than to say. (be),travels,is,The teacher told me she _ (be) born in 1960. I heard that she _ (go) to Paris last night.,4. 从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发
11、生在主句动作前，仍用一般过去时。,went,was,、语序 宾语从句的语序用陈述语序： 主句连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分,Whats wrong? Whats the matter? Whats happening? What happened?,注：当从句的原句为以下句子 以及what, who作主语时，语序不变：,I dont know whats the matter. The doctor asked what was wrong (with her) Can you tell me who is over there? Can you tell me who he is ?,做主语,
12、做表语,注意一： 在下列动词接that从句中用 “should+动原”,一个 “坚持” insist,两个“命令” command, order,三个“建议” suggest, propose, advise,四个“要求” request, ask, demand, require,Mike insisted that we _ (be) late for school. 他坚持认为我们上学不会迟到。 2. The doctor ordered that he _ ( stay) in bed for a few days. 医生让他卧床休息几天。,(should) not be,(shoul
13、d) stay,注意二：否定的转移,若主句谓语动词为think, consider, suppose, believe, expect, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。,I dont believe you can finish the work today.,我认为你今天无法完成工作。,课文原句：我没有什么计划。,I cant say that I have any plans.,Predicative Clauses 表语从句,一、定义：位于连系动词之后充当表语的句子叫作表语从句. 位置：系动词之后，如be
14、(is, am, are, was, were), look, seem, sound, appear, remain, stay等。 句子结构： 主句 +连接词（引导词）+ 表语从句,China is no longer what she used to be. The question remains whether they will be able to help us. At that time, it seemed as if I couldnt think of the right word. The problem is who we can get to replace he
15、r. The question is how he did it. That is where he was born.,课文原句：事实上我靠做义工来顶替船费，这就是我为 什么衣冠不整的原因了。,The fact is that I earned my passage by working as an unpaid hand, which accounts for my appearance.,这正是我们给你这封信的原因。,Thats why weve given you the letter.,四、引导表语从句的关联词与宾语从句的不同之处：,1.表“是否”时，只能用whether, 不用if
16、。 2. that本身无意义，也不在从句中充当成分，但不能省略。 3.从属连词 as if / though可引导表语从句,It sounds as if someone is knocking at the door. He behaved as if nothing had happened.,4. This/That/It is /was because .(这是因为) This/That/ It is /was why.(这就是为什么) The reason (why/for)is /was that. why强调结果， because 强调原因 他病了，所以被送到医院来。 他被送到医院，
