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1、,The Grapes of Wrath,Written by John Steinbeck,About the title,While writing the novel at his home, Steinbeck had unusual difficulty devising a title. The Grapes of Wrath, suggested by his wife Carol Steinbeck, which was deemed more suitable than anything by the author. The title is a reference to l
2、yrics from “The Battle Hymn of the Republic“(共和国的战斗赞美诗)- A war song of the Civil War: Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord: He is trampling out the vintage where the grapes of wrath are stored; He hath loosed the fateful lightning of His terrible swift sword: His truth is marching
3、 on. 我们看到上帝降临的荣耀,他双脚踏着愤怒的葡萄, 他拔出闪电这把无敌的利剑,他的真理在奔腾呼啸 These lyrics refer, in turn, to the biblical passage.,With the Stock Market crash of 1929 , America moved into the Great Depression. The economic structure in the U.S.A. changed. The gap between the rich and the poor lengthened. More and more peopl
4、e lost their jobs, so the unemployment and poverty became the main social problems. Then a lot of people went along the Highway 66 to california , hoping to find jobs , lands , dignities and their futures.,Background,the Great Depression,The Great Depression in 1930s The Wall Street crash in Oct. 24
5、, 1929, “the bottom dropped of the stock market” Result: The dim decade of 1930s replaced the glittering 1920s. Banks failed, factories closed and agriculture withered; Jobless millions roamed the street; the breadless stretched long; Absolute poverty and struggled for survival is a nightmarish expe
6、rience of life.,Impressive Characters,Protagonist of the story; the Joad familys second son, named after his father. Later on, Tom takes leadership of the family even though he is young.,Tom Joad,The mother of the Joad family. Practical and warm-spirited, she tries to hold the family together. She i
7、s the healer of the familys ills and arbiter of its arguments.,Ma Joad,A former preacher who lost his faith. He is a radical philosopher, a motivator and unifier of men, and a martyr(牺牲者). He is a Christ-like figure.,Jim Casy,Relationship of the Major Characters,Tom Joad,Grandpa,Grandma,John Joad,Ru
8、thie Joad,Winfield Joad,Pa Joad,Ma Joad,Jim Casy,Connie River,Rose of Sharon,Noah Joad,Al Joad,Mulley Graves,Plot,. Initial SituationThe land is changing Tom Joad is paroled(假释) from prison for homicide. On his journey home, he meets a now-former preacher, Jim Casy, whom he remembers from his childh
9、ood, and the two travel together. When they arrive at his childhood farm home, Oklahoma， they find it deserted. Theres been a drought, dust storms are rampant(The Dust Bowl黑色风暴), crops are dead, the economy is weak, and landowners must kick tenant farmers（佃户，佃农） (like the Joads) off of the land.,Plo
10、t,. ConflictThe Joads must move westward. The Joads buy a car and move west on Route 66, like thousands of other families, in search of a new life, a new home, and new opportunity. With no work here in Oklahoma, they have no other choice.,11,Route 66,Plot,3.ComplicationCalifornia is not all that. Ov
11、er three hundred thousand people have moved to California, all looking for the same thing: jobs. The Joads cant find any jobs and cant settle down. They are hungry, they are tired, they lose four members of the family.,Plot,. ClimaxTom kills a man. Tom is reunited with Reverend Casy, who has become
12、an “agitator“ or a picketer, fighting for worker rights. The authorities murder Casy, and Tom kills one of the authorities. Hes in big trouble now. . SuspenseRuthie spills the beans. The floodwaters rise. Tom tries to hide from the world until the murder hes committed blows over（平息）, but his little
13、sister accidentally spills the beans（说漏嘴） and tells the world what hes done. Meanwhile, it starts raining really hard and the creek beside the Joads boxcar home rises.,Plot,. DenouementTom runs away, the Joads escape Not wanting to drag his family into his crime, Tom runs away for good. As the flood
14、waters continue to rise, Rose of Sharons baby is stillborn（死胎）. The Joads leave their boxcar in search of higher and dryer ground. . Conclusion A dying man is nursed. In the end, Rose of Sharon commits the only act in the book that is not futile: she breast feeds a man too sick from starvation to ea
15、t solid food, still trying to show hope in humanity after her own negative experience. This final act is said to illustrate the spontaneous mutual sharing that will lead to a new awareness of collective values.,showing authors clear expression of sympathy with the dispossessed(失去产业的) and the wretche
16、d.,Purpose of the novel,Writing styles,Metaphorical languages Significance of memory Careful choice of words, lavish description, true-to-the -heart portrayal of people Short sentences, prophetic and powerful tone,Allegory,Themes & Analysis,1. The saving power of Family and Fellowship The Grapes of Wrath chronicles the story of two “families”: the Joads and the collective body of migrant workers. When the Joads meet the Wilsons, in a remarkably
