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1、5.1 Definition of Semantics 5.2 Approaches to Meaning 5.3 Word Meaning 5.4 Sentence Meaning,Chapter 5 Semantics,Leech, G. 1983. Semantics. Harmondsworth: Penguin Ogden, C.K & Richards, I.A. 1923. The Meaning of Meaning. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul,Reference books,语义学,Semantics-the study of langua
2、ge meaning. p338 Meaning is central to the study of communication. What is meaning?- Scholars under different scientific backgrounds have different understandings of language meaning. Philosophersinvestigated the relation between linguistic expressions. Linguistsinvestigated the way in which meaning
3、 in a language is structured and have distinguished between different types of meaning.,5.1 Definition of Semantics,5.2.1 Meaning as naming (Plato) 5.2.2 Meaning as concept 5.2.3 Meaning as behavior 5.2.4 Meaning as context(Bloomfield) 5.2.5 Meaning as truth conditions Can you tell how many meanings
4、 does mean have? P104- 105,5.2 Approaches to Meaning,The meaning of an expression is what it refers to, or names, is often called referential theory(指称理论) or naming theory(命名理论). Words are names or labels for things. Limitations: 1) Applicable to nouns only. 2) There are nouns which denote things th
5、at do not exist in the real world, e.g. ghost, dragon, unicorn, 3) There are nouns that do not refer to physical objects but abstract notions, e.g. joy, impulse, hatred,5.2.1 Meaning as naming (Plato),The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it ref
6、ers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.,5.2.2 Meaning as concept,Ogden and Richards: semantic triangle,Symbol/form word/phrase/sentence 词,Referent/object in the world of experience 事物,T
7、hought/reference/concept 概念,The symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements (words and phrases); The referent refers to the object in the world of experience; Thought or reference refers to concept. The symbol or a word signifies things by virtue of the concept associated with the form of the w
8、ord in the minds of the speaker; and the concept looked at from this point of view is the meaning of the word. “语义三角”说，词和所指事物之间没有直接联系，而是以概念作为中介。（胡，2002:127）,Ogden and Richards: semantic triangle,L. Bloomfield Behaviorists attempted to define meaning as “the situation in which the speaker utters it a
9、nd the response it calls forth in the hearer”. the story of Jack and Jill Jill Jack S_r-s_R,5.2.3 Meaning as behavior,Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, contextelements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized: Situational context: spatio-tempora
10、l situation Linguistic context: the probability of a words co-occurrence or collocation. For example, “black” in black hair “The president of the United States” can mean either the president or presidency in different situation.,5.2.4 Meaning as context The contextualism,The circumstances under whic
11、h the sense of a declarative sentence is true are named truth conditions(真值条件). S is true if and only if P. sentence the set of conditions,5.2.5 Meaning as truth conditions,5.3.1 Sense and reference,5.3 Word Meaning,Sense and reference are both concerned with the study of word meaning. They are two
12、related but different aspects of meaning. Sense- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in. Reference-what a
13、linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.,5.3.1 Sense and reference,Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations; on the other hand,
14、there are also occasions, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. the morning star and the evening star, rising sun in the morning and the sunset at dusk.,Note:,G. Leech,5.3.2 Seven types of meaning,概念意义：构成了意义的中心部分。 E: Please show the words in binary features. bull,
15、 cow, calf bull=+BOVINE+MALE+ADULT cow=+BOVINE+FEMALE+ADULT calf=+BOVINE-ADULT,5.3.2.1 conceptual meaning,Social meaning is the meaning which an expression conveys about the contexts or social circumstances of its use. p114 larceny and theft steed, horse, nag and gee-gee Stylistic meaning 文体意义 Absol
16、ute synonyms do not exist.,5.3.2.3 Social Meaning,The level of meaning that conveys the language users feelings, include his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language is called affective meaning or emotive meaning.,5.3.2.4 Affective meaning,It is the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meanings, when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. It is the product
