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1、TRANSLATION STUDIES: A BRIEF HISTORY,A brief history of the discipline,Cicero, Horace (1st cent BCE), St Jerome (4th cent. CE): The Bible battleground of conflicting ideologies in western Europe: literal vs. free (word or sense; interpres ut orator) Period until the late 1960s: TR an element of lang
2、uage learning (in modern language courses) the grammar-translation method) classical languages + M. Luther (modern languages) translation exercises a means of learning foreign language (reading skills) change of attitude with the rise of the direct method (spoken lang.) - NO translation in the class
3、room Since the 1970s: TR developed into an academic discipline,1. The early period,The practice of translation was discussed by Cicero and Horace (first century BCE) and St Jerome (fourth century AD); their writings exerted an important influence up until the twentieth century St Jeromes approach to
4、 translating the Greek Septuagint Bible into Latin affected later translations of the Scriptures. Non verbum de verbo sed sensum de senso! the translation of the Bible was to be for well over a thousand years and especially during the Reformation in the sixteenth century the battleground of conflict
5、ing ideologies in western Europe,“What happened at the Tower of Babel?“,The Tower of Babel is described in Genesis chapter 11, verses 1-9. After the Flood, God commanded humanity to “increase in number and fill the earth“ (Genesis 9:1). Humanity decided to do the exact opposite, “Then they said, “Co
6、me, let us build ourselves a city, with a tower that reaches to the heavens, so that we may make a name for ourselves and not be scattered over the face of the whole earth“ (Genesis 11:4). Humanity decided to build a great city and all congregate there. They decided to build a gigantic tower as a sy
7、mbol their power, to make a name for themselves (Genesis 11:4). This tower is remembered as the Tower of Babel.In response, God confused the languages of humanity so that we could no longer communicate with each other (Genesis 11:7). The result was that people congregated with other people who spoke
8、 the same language - and then went and settled in other parts of the world (Genesis 11:8-9). God confused the languages at the Tower of Babel to enforce His command for humanity to spread throughout the entire world. Some Bible teachers also believe that God created the different races of humanity a
9、t the Tower of Babel. This is possible, but it is not taught in the Biblical text. On the origin of the races - http:/www.gotquestions.org/different-races.html. It seems more likely that the different races existed prior to the Tower of Babel and that God confused the languages at least partially ba
10、sed on the different races. From the Tower of Babel, humanity divided based on language (and possibly race) and settled in various parts of the world. Recommended Resource: The Answers Book by Ken Ham.,1. Translation before the 20th century,Word-for-word or sense-for-sense TR Martin Luther Early att
11、empts at systematic TR: Dryden, Dolet, Tytler Schleirmacher and the evaluation of the foreign TR theories in 19th and early 20th cent.,Word-for-word or sense-for-sense TR,TR theory until 20th cent.: a sterile debate over the triad literal, free, and faithful TR (Steiner 1998) Cicero (1st cent BC, De
12、 optimo genere oratorum): word for word vs sense for sense TR chief principles of TR of the age word for word (interpreter / literal TLR) - The replacement of each individual word of ST (Greek) with its closest grammatical equivalent in Latin (reading Gr & Lat side by side), p. 19 sense for sense (o
13、rator) procuce a speech that would move the listeners,Ancient tradition, the Middle Ages,Horace (Ars poetica): the goal of producing an aesthetically pleasing and creative text in the TL St Jerome (influenced by Cicero & Horace) De optimo genere interpretandi 395 AD Now I not only admit but freely a
14、nnounce that in translating from Greek except of course in the case of the Holy Scripture, where even the syntax contains a mystery I render not word-for-word but sense-for-sense. Jeromes view interpreted later as opposing poles: literal vs free TR (form vs content) a perennial debate word-for-word
15、produces an absurd TR, cloaking the sense of the original Chinese TR: same type of concern about TR (Sanskrit Buddhist sutras into Chinese) Rich TR tradition of the Arab world: word-for-word TR unsuccessful (the Abbasid Period 750-1250),Matin Luther,Literal vs free TR debate continued correct establ
16、ished meaning of the Bible Any diverging from the accepted interpretation deemed heretical Dolet (1546) burned (apparently) for adding the phrase rien du tout in a passage about whate eisted after death immortality issue!,Non-literal TR seen as blasphemy, a weapon against the church:,The New Testament into East Middle German (1522) Old Testament (1534) Sendbrief vom Dolmetschen (1530) accused of altering the Holy Scriptures in gis vernacular, dialect TR, p.
