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1、Unit3 Cellular Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis,Warmingup Words and phrases Text Analysis Simple exercises,Contents,Warmingup,有丝分裂:,无丝分裂:,减数分裂:,一种特殊方式的有丝分裂,细胞增殖方式,与体细胞的形成有关,不出现纺缍体，没有染色体等变化。如蛙的红细胞。,有丝分裂和减数分裂的比较,比较,有丝分裂,减数分裂,不同点,相同点,分裂后形成( ),分裂后形成( ),细胞分裂 （ ）次，产生（ ）个子细胞,细胞分裂（ ）次，产生（ ）个子细胞,子细胞和母细胞的染色体
2、数（ ）,子细胞染色体数是母细胞的（ ）,不出现联会、四分体现象,减数I发生同源染色体的联会、 四分体现象,细胞分裂过程中均出现（ ）和（ ），染色体复制（ ）次,体细胞,生殖细胞,1,2,2,4,相同,一半,染色体,纺锤体,1,1. interphase n. 分裂间期, int(:)feiz ,Interphase- The stage in the CELL CYCLE when the nucleus is not in a state of division. Interphase is divisible into various stages each characterized
3、 by a differing physiological activity.,间期：是细胞周期的一个时期，在这个时期里细胞核不分裂。根据细胞生理活性差异可以把间期分成不同的阶段。,Words and phrases,Cell cycle,Interphase 间期: G1 + S + G2 M phase (mitosis 有丝分裂):,分裂间期,1、DNA复制 2、中心粒复制,其中G1和G2期主要是合成有关蛋白质和RNA，S期则完成DNA 的复制。,2. prophase, prufeiz ,n. 分裂前期,3. metaphase n. 分裂中期, metfeiz ,4. anaphas
4、e nfeiz n. 分裂后期,5. telophase, telfeiz ,n. 分裂末期,有丝分裂前期,1）染色体出现 2）每条染色体包含 兩条染色单体 3）复制的中心粒 向两极移动 4）纺锤体出现 5）染色体中部和 纺锤丝相连 6）核膜、核仁消失,prophase, prufeiz ,n. 分裂前期,The first stage of mitosis, during which individual chromosomes become visible.,有丝分裂中期,1）中心粒到达细胞两极 2）染色体排列在细胞中央的赤道板上,赤道板 （equatorial plane）,3. met
5、aphase n. 分裂中期, metfeiz ,The second stage in mitosis, during which the chromosomes align at the equatorial plane.,1）着丝粒分裂，染色单体分离 2）两条染色体受纺锤丝 牵引，向细胞两极移动,有丝分裂后期,4. anaphase nfeiz n. 分裂后期,The third stage of mitosis, during which the centromeres split and the chromosomes move to the poles.,1）细胞质分裂 2）赤道板
6、附近的细胞膜凹陷 3）细胞一分为二 4）植物则是在细胞中 央形成细胞板，再 形成细胞壁,中央凹陷,5. telophase, telfeiz ,n. 分裂末期,有丝分裂末期,The last stage in mitosis, during which daughter nuclei are formed.,有丝分裂全过程,interphase,prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase,prometaphase,During mitosis, sister chromatids remain joined by their centromere until a
7、naphase.,在有丝分裂期间，姐妹染色单体在分裂后期之前都是通过着丝点连接的。,For example：,A plant cell structure that begins to form in the center of the cell and proceeds to the cell membrane,resulting in cytokinesis.,6. Cell plate,n. 细胞板,The cell-plate membranes eventually form the two new plasma membranes of the daughter cells.,Fo
8、r example：,细胞板的膜最终形成两个新的子细胞的质膜。,7. centromere n. 着丝粒;着丝点, sentr,mi ,The small area of a chromosome that does not stain with basic dyes(碱性燃料) during mitosis and meiosis; at interphase it is single while the rest of the chromosome is made up of two chromatids.,8. chalone n. 抑素, klun ,9. chromatid n. 染
9、色单体, krumtid ,A replicated chromosome physically attached to an identical chromatid at centromere.,一对同源染色体（含4条染色单体）,一条染色单体,10. chromatin n. 染色质, krumtin ,Chromatin is the material that makes up chromosomes; it consists of DNA complexed with proteins.,由DNA和蛋白质组成的染色质，是构成染色体的原料。,11. cytokinesis n. 胞质分裂
10、, ,saitukaini:sis ,Division（mitosis or meiosis)of the cytoplasm of one cell into two new cells.,12. diploid n. 二倍体, diplid ,Any nucleus,cell,or organism that posesses twice the haploid number of chromosomes. During the process of fertilization a zygote with the diploid set is produced.,通过受精作用使受精卵形成一
11、个二倍体。,13. haploid n. 单倍体, hplid ,Genome- A complete haploid chromosome set. 基因组：即一套完整的单倍体染色体。,Any nucleus,cell,or organism that posesses twice a single set of unpaired chromosome.,14. histone n. 组蛋白, histun ,The small proteins have five families or classes :H1,H2A,H2B,H3,H4;and have a large positive
12、 charge (rich in Lys、Arg ) which can bind very strongly to the negtively charged DNA in forming chromatin.,DNA和组蛋白组装成的结构叫做染色体。,15. homologous pair humlgs p n. 同源染色体对,一对同源染色体（含4条染色单体）,一条染色单体,16. karyotype n. 核型，染色体组型, kritaip ,The appearance of the chromosome complement of an organism or cell. 核型：一个给
13、定物种的染色体所表现出的物理学特征。,17. meiosis n. 减数分裂, maiusis ,The process by which a nucleus divides into four daughter nuclei,each containing half the number of chromosomes of the parent nucleus.,18.mitosis, mitusis ,n. 有丝分裂,间接核分裂,通过有丝分裂，每条染色体精确复制成的两条染色单体并均等地分到两个子细胞，使子细胞含有同母细胞相同的遗传信息。细胞有丝分裂过程，可以区分为：前期，中期，后期和末期。
14、,有丝分裂和减数分裂的比较,比较,有丝分裂,减数分裂,不同点,相同点,分裂后形成( ),分裂后形成( ),细胞分裂 （ ）次，产生（ ）个子细胞,细胞分裂（ ）次，产生（ ）个子细胞,子细胞和母细胞的染色体数（ ）,子细胞染色体数是母细胞的（ ）,不出现联会、四分体现象,减数I发生同源染色体的联会、 四分体现象,细胞分裂过程中均出现（ ）和（ ），染色体复制（ ）次,体细胞,生殖细胞,1,2,2,4,相同,一半,染色体,纺锤体,1,19. metaphase plate,n. 中期板，赤道板,赤道板 （equatorial plane）,20.nucleosome, nju:klisum ,n
15、. 生化核小体,The basic unit of chromatin structurein eukaryotic cells. A nucleosome consists of 8 histone molecules,together with about 140 base pairs of DNA coiled around it.,Nucleosome is the basic unit of chromatin structure,21.spindle, spindl ,n. 纺锤体,An array of microtubule extending from pole tp pole and used in the movement of chromosomes.,Reviewing,1. anaphase n. 分裂后期 2. Cell plate n. 细胞板 3. centromere n. 着丝粒 4. chalone n. 抑素 5. chromatid n. 染色单体 6. chromatin n. 染色质 7. cytokinesis n. 胞质分裂 8. diploid n. 二倍体 9. haploid n. 单倍体 10.
