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1、从本学科出发，应着重选对国民经济具有一定实用价值和理论意义的课题。课题具有先进性，便于研究生提出新见解，特别是博士生必须有创新性的成果排比与Parallelism的对比研究及其英汉互译1 排比与parallelism的定义 排比的定义根据现代汉语词典，排比是一种“修辞方式，用一连串结构类似的句子成分或句子来表示强调和一层层的深入。”第二种常见的定义为：排比指的是把三个或以上意义相关或相近、结构相同或相似、语气相同的词组或句子并排在一起。例如：啊，我思念那洞庭湖，我思念那长江，我思念那东海，那浩浩荡荡的无边无际的波澜呀！：“我们说，长征是历史记录上的第一次，长征是宣言书，长征是宣传队，长征是播种
2、机。” definition of parallelismParallelism这一词源于希腊语，英语意思是“alongside one another”。它是诗歌、特别是希伯来诗歌中常用的手段，在较富有魅力的散文中也常见。它由意义与结构相似的短语或句子互相平衡排列而构成。A very common device in poetry ( poetry)and not uncommon in the more incantatory types of consists of phrases or sentences of similar construction and meaning plac
3、ed side by side,balancing each other，(Cuddon ,480)。例如：I have observed that he was a simple natured man; he was moreover，a kind and an obedient hen-packed husband.(Washington Irving: Rip Van Winkle)我发现他是个生性纯朴的人; 他甚至是个和蔼可亲的邻居、温顺惧内的丈夫。we say and what we do somehow seem out of joint .不知怎的，我们所说的与我们所做的似乎有
4、些脱节。(3) I came，I saw ，I conquered.(Julius Caesar)我来了，我看到了，我征服了。英汉排比语言结构的均衡美英语排比结构的特征Parallelism 的结构构成，大致有以下种类型: 单词的平行排列; 短语的平行排列; 从句的平行排列和句子的平行排列。 单词的平行排列 was I and ，calculating，perspicacious，acute and astute- I was all of these.(Max Shulman: Love is a Fallacy) (5个形容词平行) thought everybody lived far
5、too elaborately，expressively，anxiously.(Gilbert Highet: Diogenes and Alexander)(3个副词平行) boys，soldiers，secretaries，officers，they all gradually formed a circle around Diogenes.(Gilbert Highet: Diogenes and Alexander)(3个名词平行) praise roots and spreads.(Proverb) (2个动词平行)短语的平行排列 knew his ignorance，his cru
6、elty，his avarice，his appetites and his sins.(: The Pearl) (个名词短语平行)他们知道他的无知，他的残忍，他的贪婪，他的欲望，他的罪恶。 is the same old story of not being grateful for what we have until we lose it ，of not being conscious of health until we are ill .(Helen Keller: Three Days to See) (2个动名词短语平行)事情往往是这样: 失后方知物可贵，病时才晓健康好。 ev
7、ery nation know，whether it wishes us well or ill ，that we shall pay any price，bear any burden，meet any hardship，support any friend，oppose any foe to assure survival and the success of liberty.(John Kennedy: Inaugural Address) (5个动词短语平行)必须让每一个友邦和敌国都知道: 为维护自由，使其长存不灭，我们将会不惜付出任何代价，肩负任何重担，迎战一切困难，援助一切朋友，反
8、击一切敌人。从句的平行排列 vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and a failure and a foolishness; where they have left no sign that they had existed.(Noel Grove: Mark TwainMirror of America)(4个定语从句平行)他们从世上消失了。在这里他们无足轻重、一事无成。他们的存在本身就是错误、就是失败、
9、就是愚蠢。在这里他们没有留下任何足以表明他们曾存在过的痕迹。 if a mans wit be wandering，let him study the mathematics; for in demonstrations，if his wit be called away never so little，he must begin his wit be not apt to distinguish or find difference，let him study the Schoolmen; for they are he be not apt to bear over matters，and
10、 to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another，let him study the lawyer s cases.(Francis Bacon: Of Studies) (3个状语从句并列)如智力不集中，可令读数学，盖演题须全神贯注，稍有分散即须重演; 如不能辨异,可令读经院哲学，盖是辈皆吹毛求疵; 如不善求同，不善以一物阐证另一物，可令读律师之案卷。句子的平行排列 shall never parley，we shall never negotiate with Hitler or any of his gang.(Winston S
11、 .Churchill: Speech on Hitlers Invasion of the )(两个句子平行)我们决不妥协，我们决不与希特勒及其帮凶谈判议和。 therefore ，if a man write little，he had need have a great memory; if he confer little，he had need have a present wit ; and if he read little，he had need have much cunning，to seem to know that he doth not .(Francis Bacon
12、: Of Studies) (个长句平行)因此，不常作笔记者须记忆力特强，不常讨论者须天资聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知显有知。英语排比包含平行排列的、均衡的、结构和意义相似的短语和句子。即由一些结构相同、语义相关、语气一致的词、词组、句子甚至段落排列成串而行成的整体。其结构要求严谨，词的排比必须是相同词性的词的排列、词组排比必须是相同或相似的词组结构的排列。句子排列中，单句必须是单句的排列、复句必须是复句的排列。段落排列必须是段落的排列。结构上不具随意性，不能随便搭配。汉语排比结构的特征 词组排比例1 那是自由，是跳舞，是音乐，是诗。Thats the power of freedom
13、，thats dance，music，and，poem，基本上直接保留了原文的风格而直接翻译了出来。例我的生活曾经是悲苦的，黑暗的。然而朋友们把多量的同情，多量的爱，多量的欢乐，多量的眼泪分了给我，这些东西都是生存所必需的。There was a time when my life was miserable and friends then gave me in large quantities sympathy，love joy and tearsthings essential for existence.(Translated by Zhang PEiji)译文把“多量的同情，多量的爱
14、，多量的欢乐，多量的眼泪”中的多量合并，只用了一个large quantities，符合英语的表达习惯，避免了不必要的重复。词组排比的特点:1 词组结构方式必须相同或相似，但字数可以不等。否则不成为排比。排比的词组之间概念不相容。若内容重复、概念相容则不成排比。词组排比之间意义相关或相连。词组排比在句中应充当一个成分。句子排比例1：三仙姑也暗暗猜透大家的心事，衣服穿得更新鲜，头发梳得更光滑，首饰擦得更明，宫粉搽得更匀，不由青年们不跟她转来转去。Third Fairy-maid knew only too well what was on their ，on every occasion，she
15、 put on nicer clothes and kept her hair smoothed，her trinkets polished and her face powdered，in order to attract these impious flies.此例中共用了四个排比句，从各个方面，角度来描述三仙姑，如衣服、头发、首饰、宫粉。从中读者可以感到作者描绘的人物如历历在目、栩栩如生。译文中增加了人称代词she和her。例2：于是，洗手的时候，日子从水盆里过去；吃饭的时候，日子从饭碗里过去；默默时，便从凝然的双眼前过去。Thus the day flows away through the sink when I wash my hands; vanishes in the rice bowl when I have my meal; passes away quietly before the fixed gaze of my eyes when I am lost in reverie.(张培基译)原文中三个排比项都重复了“过去”，译文则分别
