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1、第四节 形容词和副词一、形容词及其用法形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常, 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1)直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。2)叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以 a 开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。(错)He is an ill man.(对)The man is ill.(错)She is an afraid girl.(对)The girl
2、 is afraid.这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep ,awake 等。3)形容词作定语修饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing 为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:something nice二、以-ly 结尾的形容词 1) 大部分形容词加-ly 可构成副词。但 friendly,deadly,lovely ,lonely,likely,lively ,ugly,brotherly,仍为形容词。改错:(错) She sang lovely.(错) He spoke to me
3、very friendly.(对) Her singing was lovely.(对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily ,weekly ,monthly,yearly,earlyThe Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily. 三、用形容词表示类别和整体 1) 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor ,the blind,the hu
4、ngryThe poor are losing hope.2) 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor. 四、多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时,其顺序为:限定词-数词(序数词、基数词)-性状形容词(美、好、坏、丑等)-大小,长短,高低等形状- 新旧 -颜色-国籍-材料- 类别-名词同一类的修饰词,音节少的在前,音节多的在后。a small round tablea tall g
5、ray buildinga dirty old brown shirta famous German medical schoolan expensive Japanese sports car又如:those three beautiful large square old brown wood table.典型例题:1) Tony is going camping with _ boys.A.little two otherB. two little otherC.two other little D.little other two答案:C。由限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小,长短,形状,新
6、旧,颜色) -性质-名词 的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有 C 符合答案。2)One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace.A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stoneC. old stone ChineseD. Chinese stone old答案 A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3) - How was your recent visit to Qingdao?- It was great. We visited s
7、ome friends,and spent the _days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+those + three + beautiful + large + square新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+
8、名词old + brown + wood + table 五、副词及其基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。1、副词的位置:1) 在动词之前。2) 在 be 动词、助动词之后。 3) 多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意:a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾,但宾语过长,副词可以提前,以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.b. 方式副词 well,badly 糟、坏,hard 等只放在句尾。He speaks English well.2、副词的排列顺序:1) 时间,地点副词,小单位的在前
9、,大单位在后。2) 方式副词,短的在前,长的在后,并用 and 或 but 等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.3) 多个不同副词排列:程度+地点+方式+ 时间副词。注意:副词 very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。改错:(错)I very like English.(对) I like English very much.注意:副词 enough 要放在形容词的后面,形容词 enough 放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.T
10、here is food enough for everyone to eat.六、兼有两种形式的副词 1) close 与 closelyclose 意思是 近; closely 意思是 仔细地He is sitting close to me.Watch him closely.2)late 与 latelylate 意思是晚 ; lately 意思是最近You have come too late.What have you been doing lately?3)deep 与 deeplydeep 意思是深 ,表示空间深度;deeply 时常表示感情上的深度, 深深地He pushed
11、 the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.4)high 与 highlyhigh 表示空间高度;highly 表示程度,相当于 muchThe plane was flying high.I think highly of your opinion.5)wide 与 widely wide 表示空间宽度;widely 意思是广泛地,在许多地方He opened the door wide.English is widely used in the world.6)free 与 freelyfree
12、 的意思是 免费;freely 的意思是无限制地You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.You may speak freely; say what you like.七、形容词与副词的比较级 大多数形容词(性质形容词)和副词有比较级和最高级的变化,即原级、比较级和最高级,用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。1) 规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词,加词尾-er,-est 来构成比较级和最高级。构成法 原级 比较级 最高级一般单音节词 tall(高的) taller tallest未尾
13、加-er,-est great( 巨大的) greater greatest 以不发音的 e 结尾nice( 好的 ) nicer nicest的单音词和少数 large(大的) larger largest以- le 结尾的双 able(有能力的) abler ablest音节词只加-r,-st 以一个辅音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest结尾的闭音节单 hot 热的 )hotter hottest音节词,双写结尾的辅音字母,再加-er,-est 以辅音字母+y easy(容易的 ) easier easiest结尾的双音节词, busy(忙的 ) busier busies
14、t改 y 为 i,再加 -er,-est 少数以-er,-ow clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest未尾加-er,-est 其他双音节词和important(重要的) more important most important多音节词,在前 面加 more,most 来构成比较级和easily(容易地) more easily most easily 最高级。 2) 不规则变化原级 比较级最高级 good(好的)/ betterbestwell(健康的 ) bad (坏的 )/ worse worstill(有病的) old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest much/many(多的) more mostlittle(少的) less leastfar (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest 八、as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1)在否定句或疑问句中可用 so as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2)当 as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。as + 形容词+ a +单数名词as + many/m