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1、(Edited) Variations on a theme by William James URSULA LE GUIN,9. The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas,Objectives,To understand the text To learn the useful words and phrases learn about an allegory（寓言） story,Teaching Contents,1. Introduction (10 min.) 2. Detailed study of the text (140 min.) 3. Struc
2、ture analysis (5 min.) 4. Language appreciation (5 min.) 5. Summary of words and phrases(5 min) 6. Exercises (15 min),1. Introduction,The author: Ursula K. Le Guin is a well-known science fiction and fantasy writer.,Ursula Le Guin,She was born in Berkeley, California in 1929. After graduating from R
3、adcliff College, she took an M.A. degree at Columbia University. Her writings force us to re-examine many of the things that we once took for granted, like our cities, our political and social structures, etc.,Ursula Le Guin,She began writing during the 1950s, but not until the 60s did she begin pub
4、lishing. Le Guins work has appealed to a wider audience than science fiction fans. Bringing a social scientists eye and a feminists sensibility to science fiction, she has employed this speculative genre to criticize contemporary civilization.,Ursula Le Guin,Many of her storieslike “The Ones Who Wal
5、k Away From Omelas” (1974 Hugo Award)create complex imaginary civilizations, envisioned with anthropological authority. Le Guin has also written poetry and juvenile fiction, including the Earthsea video-2 trilogy, Wizard of Earthsea video-2 (1968), The Tombs of Atuan video-2 (1971), and The Farthest
6、 Shore video-2 (1972), which rank among the classics of modern childrens literature. She lives in Porland, Oregon.,Ursula Le Guin,In an interview with Larry McCaffery the author explains why she likes the science fiction form. She says: “Science fiction allows me to help people get out of their cult
7、ural skins and into the skins of other beings. In that sense science fiction is just a further extension of what the novel has traditionally been. In most fiction the author tries to get into the skin of another person; in science fiction you are often expected to get into the skin of another person
8、 from another culture.,William James,(1842-1910),American philosopher,William James,He was born New York City and graduated from Harvard University in 1869 with a doctor of Medicine degree. In 1872 he joined the Harvard faculty as a lecturer on anatomy and physiology (生理学), continuing to teach until
9、 1907 (3 years later he died), after 1880 in the department of psychology and philosophy. In 1890 he published his brilliant and epoch-making Principles of Psychology, in which the seeds of his philosophy are already discernible/ perceptive.,William James,Jamess fascinating style and his broad cultu
10、re and cosmopolitan outlook made him the most influential American thinker of his day. His philosophy has three principle aspects-his voluntarism, his pragmatism, and his “radical empiricism.”,The text,This text is taken from The Norton Anthology of Short Fiction. This writing may be called a piece
11、of allegorical description.,Allegory（讽喻） in literature,is a symbolic story that serves as a disguised representation for meanings other than those indicated on the surface. The characters in an allegory often have no individual personality, but are embodiments of moral qualities and other abstractio
12、ns.,Allegory,The allegory is closely related to parable /religious teaching story, fable, /animal story, and metaphor, differing from them largely in intricacy and length. Although allegory is still used by some authors, its popularity as a literary form has declined in favor of a more personal form
13、 of symbolic expression.,“Omelas”,So “Omelas“ should not be read as a realistic story. Le Guin is playing around with the old idea about “the greatest good for the greatest number“ and taking it to its logical extreme. What if, magically, all the evil in the world could be heaped on one person and e
14、veryone else could be happy. Would it be worthwhile or would the injustice done to that one probably retarded child outweigh the good of all the rest.,The ones who “walk away“ are buying out of the system, refusing to accept their own happiness if it comes at the expense of someone else. On one leve
15、l the story can be understood about the western world living off the suffering of the third world. On another level it can be understood about our societys refusal to accept the legitimacy of the plight of the poor.,Note on “The Ones Who Walk Away From Omelas”:,Ursula K. Le Guin once explained in on
16、e of her story collection The Winds Twelve Quarters,The central idea of this psychomyth, the scapegoat, turns up in Dostoyevskys Brothers Karamazov and several people have asked me, rather suspiciously, why I gave the credit to William James video-2 The fact is, I havent been able to re-read Dostoyevsky, much as I loved him, since I was twenty-five, and Id simply forgotten he used the idea. But when I met it in Jamess “The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life” it was with a shock of recognition.,
