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1、四六级写作专题培训,2010.4.27,大学英语四、六级考试作文题评分原则,1 CET检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。 2CET作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Award Scores)，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 3从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 4避免趋中倾向。该给高分的
2、给高分，包括满分；该给低分给低分，包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,大学英语四、六级考试作文题评分标准,1本题满分为15分 2阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。 3阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如 8分)相似，即定为 该分数(即8分)；若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。 4评分标准 2分 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分 基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分 基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文
3、字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分 切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。 注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。,审题和构思,审题构思是写好作文的第一步，一般来说，审题不但是要求读懂题目的字面意思，而且要深刻理解作文题目中内含的意思和要求，了解和掌握写作的主旨大意，最后紧紧围绕这个中心来写作。通常考生必须在第一部分阐述自己的主要观点，在第二部分紧紧围绕一个问题展开阐述，不可牵扯到其他不重要的问题上。最后一部分得出结论。,草拟提纲,草拟提纲是
4、写好作文的第二步。 在理解作文题目及构思出文章大致轮廓的基础上，应该着手写提纲。提纲包括文章应分几段来写，每一段围绕什么样的主题展开，各段需要扩展那些内容，先写什么，后写什么，怎么样写才有说服力并能把主题句阐述清楚，要经过删选，决定取舍，分清主次, 要选择既有代表性和典型性又有说服力的素材去论证或阐述文章的主题及各段主题句中的观点。 例如：A Major Advantage/Disadvantage of Advertising on Television.,Thesis: TV is the most effective medium for advertising. Body: A：TV
5、is the most popular medium that reaches almost every family. a. Computers, expensive, not needed by every family. b. Newspaper and magazines, not subscribed by every family. B: TV commercials are best remembered with sound, pictures and actions. a. Newspapers and magazines: words but no sound and ac
6、tion b. Radios, sound but no pictures and actions. C. TV commercials are rarely missed。 a. Arranged between hot shows. b. Appearing at best time of day. Conclusion: To achieve the best effect of advertisements, businesses should promote their products and services on TV.,篇章结构,任何一篇文章都是由若干个段落构成的。就段落在文
7、章中的作用而言，我们大致可以划分为三种： Introduction 引言段 Body 正文段 Conclusion 结尾段,Introduction,通常引言段包括opening sentences 和 thesis statement两部分，主要有以下几种常见的写法。 对文章的主题进行简单的陈述，缩小范围，自然过渡到命题。 Books can be factual about real events, real people and established facts like magazines, textbooks and reference books. Books can also
8、be imaginative events, people or made-up facts. Whatever type a book belongs to, factual or imaginary, a good book benefits reader from different perspectives. Therefore, people should read books of both type.,写法二： 对文章论述的重要概念下定义： Special gifts are gifts that people rarely give out or receive on a pa
9、rticular occasion. Just because of rareness, special gifts are enriched with the feeling from the giver.,写法三：以发问形式开头 What do we mean by creating a green campus? Creating a green campus not only means creating a green environment, but also refers to building harmony between environment and people wit
10、hin the campus.,Body,一篇好的英语作文不仅要有段落主题句（thesis statement), 清楚地中心思想，协调贯通的句间转折，而且还要有协调的段落与段落之间，段落与篇章之间的关系。要使作文在段落上充实，赋予说服力和感染力，掌握好文章段落的展开模式极为重要。 常见的段落展开方式有以下几种：,一、例证法（Examples） 例证法顾名思义，就是通过主题句对该段落中心思想进行阐述，然后通过典型生动、有说服力的客观事实来支持主题句的观点，使其得到完美充分表达的一种段落展开方式。 For countries, good fences keep good neighbors me
11、ans that they should keep a certain distance if good neighborly relations are to be developed. Take the Sino-USSR relations for example. The early 1950s saw the two countries in their honeymoon, but the happy marriage did not last long, they became enemies in the late 1950s.,二、因果法（Cause and effect)
12、因果法主要是用来探索事物间的因果关系，一般有三种途径： 主要探讨事物的内在原因，因为已经有了最终的结果； 主要探讨事物的最终结果，因为有了明确的原因； 把原因和结果结合在一起来加以讨论。,三、比较对照法（Comparison) 在英文写作中，经常使用比较或对照的方法来描写人物或事物。比较对照法有两种方式： 对人物或事物采取逐点比较或对照的方法； 对人物或事物采取集中比较或对照的方法。 My hometown is different from what it used to be just a few years ago. In the past, it was a small city. T
13、he streets were for most part narrow and winding, and the houses are small and shabby. But now, there are broad streets which are lined with large and imposing buildings. You can also find crowds of people here and there. Jane and Karen have many things in common. To begin with, both girls have the
14、same backgrounds. Jane was born and raised in west, and so was Karen. Next, both girls are interested in the same kind of subjects in school. Jane likes French, history and English, and Karen likes silimar subjects as Jane.,四、综合法 事实上，在具体的写作中，常常采取对以上几种方法的综合使用来展开段落，说明段落的中心思想。 Our eyes give us informat
15、ion all the time, but our brains decide what is important to us. For instance, if you walk down the street, you will see many faces. But if you see someone you know, you will notice him immediately.,Conclusion,文章的结尾旨在表达作者经过上面论述对主题的进一步认识，并得到概括性的结论。 通常有以下几种方法可以采纳来概括总结 提出更概括的言论 提出建议 提出解决问题的方法 提出警告 提出预言
16、,Read and Judge,To stop losing more forest, we should educate people, especially those who have destroyed and who are going to destroy forests for one reason or another. The extinction of species, the shortage of lumber and forest and the reduction of oxygen all signal that we cannot afford losing more forest.,3. If forests are continuously losing like today, one day in the future our human will sustain the consequences of todays forest destruction.,遣词造句,四六级作文评分中一个重要标准就是考察考生的语言表达能力，其次是谋篇布局的写作技巧，最后才是思想观点的阐述。因为考生在一篇作文里表达的观点在一定程度上可以说无所谓正确或错误，只要能把自己的观点表达清楚，能自圆其说就可以了。,
