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1、As an educator and a champion of self- help, he tried tolead black America up from slavery. 他是教师，作为自助的倡导者，他努力引领黑人挣脱奴役。他是教师，作为自助的倡导者，他努力引领黑人挣脱奴役。 Booker Taliaferro Washington (April 5, 1856 November 14, 1915) was an American political leader, educator, orator andauthor. He was the dominan t figure in
2、 the African Americancommunity in the United States from 1890 to 1915. Repre senting the last generation of blackleaders born in slavery, and speaking for those blacks who had remained in the New South in anuneasy modus vivendi with the white Souther ners, Washington was able throughout the final 25
3、years of his life to maintain his standin g as the black leader because of the sponsorship of powerfulwhites, substantial support within the black community, his ability to raise educational funds fromboth groups and hi s skillful accommodation to the social realities of the age of segregation. Wash
4、ington was born into slavery to a white father and a slave mother in a rural area ins outhwestern Virginia. After emancipation, he worked in West Virginia in a variety of man ual laborjobs before making his way to Hampton Roads seeking an education. He worked his way throughHampton Normal and Agricu
5、ltural Institute (now Hampton University) an d attended college atWayland Seminary. After returning to Hampton as a teacher, in 188 1 he was named as the firstleader of the new Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. Washington received national prominence for his Atlanta Address of 1895, attracting the atte
6、ntionof politicians and the public as a popular spokesperson for African American citiz ens. Washingtonbuilt a nationwide network of supporters in many black communities, wit h black ministers,educators and businessmen composing his core supporters. Washingto n played a dominant role inblack politic
7、s, winning wide support in the black community a nd among more liberal whites(especially rich Northern whites). He gained access to top n ational leaders in politics, philanthropyand education. Washingtons efforts included coop erating with white people and enlisting thesupport of wealthy philanthro
8、pists, which help ed raise funds to establish and operate thousands ofsmall community schools and institut ions of higher education for the betterment of blacksthroughout the South, work which c ontinued for many years after his death. Northern critics called Dr. Washingtons followers the “Tuskegee
9、Machine“. After 1909, W ashingtonwas criticized by the leaders of the new NAACP, especially W. E. B. Du Bois, wh o demanded aharder line on civil rights protests. Washington replied that confrontation w ould lead to disaster forthe outnumbered blacks, and that cooperation with supportive w hites was
10、 the only way toovercome pervasive racism in the long run. Some of his civil rig hts work was secret, such asfunding court cases. In addition to the substantial contributions in the field of education, Dr. Washington was the authorof 14 books; his autobiography, Up From Slavery, first published in 1
11、901, is stil l widely read today.During a difficult period of transition for the United States, he did mu ch to improve the overallfriendship and working relationship between the races. His work greatly helped lay the foundationfor the increased access of blacks to higher education, financial power,
12、 and understanding of theU.S. legal system led to the Civil Rights Movem ent of the 1960s and adoption of important federalcivil rights laws. Career overview Washington was born into slavery to Jane, an enslaved African American woman on the BurroughsPlantation in southwest Virginia. He knew little
13、about his white father. His famil y gained freedom in1865 as the Civil War ended. As a boy he invented the surname Was hington when all the otherschool children were giving their full names. After working in s alt furnaces and coal mines in WestVirginia for several years, Washington made his way eas
14、t to Hampton Institute, established toeducate freedmen. There, he worked his way th rough his studies and later attended WaylandSeminary to complete preparation as an ins tructor. In 1881, Hampton president Samuel C.Armstrong recommended Washington to become the first leader of Tuskegee Institute, t
15、he newnormal school (teachers college) i n Alabama. He headed it for the rest of his life. Washington was the dominant figure in the African- American community in the United States from1890 to 1915, especially after his Atlanta Address of 1895. To many politicians and the public ingeneral, he was s
16、een as a popular spokesman for African- American citizens. Representing the lastgeneration of black leaders born into slavery, Wa shington was generally perceived as a credibleproponent of education for freedmen in th e post- Reconstruction, Jim Crow South. Throughoutthe final 20 years of his life, he maintained his standing through a nationwide network ofsupporters including black educators, ministers, editors, and businessmen especially those whowere liberal- leaning on social and educa
