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1、 天星教育网,因你而精彩!版权所有,侵权必究!本卷第 1页(共 26页)高 考 英 语 基 本 语 法 复 习概念句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的。组成句子的各个部分叫做句子的成分。句子的成分包括:主语、谓语、表语、宾语(直接和间接宾语) 、宾语补足语、定语和状语。主语和谓语是句子的主体部分(在英语中,一般句子必须有主语和谓语) ,表语、宾语和宾语的补足语是谓语里的组成部分。其他成份如定语和状语是句子的次要成分。句子成分分类1主语主语是谓语讲述的对象,表示所说的“是什么”或“ 是谁” 。一般由名词、代词、不定代词或相当于名词的单词或短语来充当,也有从句充当的现象。大多数主语都在句首。 在“T
2、here be ” 句型中,主语的位置在中间。如:There are some bottles of milk in the box. 在个别句型中,主语在整个句子后面,这时前面用 it 作形式主语。如:It is very interesting to play the game called “treat or trick”.It took two workers about three months to build the house.主语从句 1)主语从句可直接位于主语的位置,如果从句较长,谓语又较短,可用 it 作形式主语,而将从句放在句末。常见的句型有: It is a fact
3、a pitya questiongood news that. It seemsappearshappenedhas turned out that. It is clearimportantlikelypossible that. It is saidreportedestimatedhas been proved that. It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation. It seems that the performance is very useful. 2
4、)what 引导的主语从句表示“.的东西时”,一般不用 it 作形式主语。 What we lack is experience. 天星教育网,因你而精彩!版权所有,侵权必究!本卷第 2页(共 26页)3)what,who,when,why,whether 等词含有各自的疑问意义,但它们引导的主语从句,都用陈述语序。 How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again. I did know why I felt like crying. 2谓语谓语时用来说明主语“做什么”、 “是什么”或“怎么样”,谓语必须是动词,谓语和主
5、语在“人称” 和“ 数”两方面必须一致。如:He is very generous.She looks very smart and coolWe have finished the job.He can speak German.3表语表语说明主语“是什么” 或“ 怎么样”,由名词、形容词、介词、副词、不定式及相当于名词的词或短语来充当,它的位置在系动词后面。系动词 系动词亦称联系动词(Link Verb) ,作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(亦称补语) ,构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。 说明: 有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可
6、单独作谓语,例如: He fell ill yesterday. 他昨天病了。 (fell 是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况。 ) He fell off the ladder. 他从梯子上摔下来。fell 是实义动词,单独作谓语。 1)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有 be 一词,例如: He is a teacher. 他是一名教师。 (is 与补足语一起说明主语的身份。 ) 天星教育网,因你而精彩!版权所有,侵权必究!本卷第 3页(共 26页)2)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有 keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例
7、如: He always kept silent at meeting. 他开会时总保持沉默。 This matter rests a mystery. 此事仍是一个谜。 3)表像系动词 用来表示看起来像 这一概念,主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如: He looks tired. 他看起来很累。 He seems (to be) very sad. 他看起来很伤心。 4)感官系动词 感官系动词主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如: This kind of cloth feels very soft. 这种布手感很软。 This flower
8、 smells very sweet. 这朵花闻起来很香。 5)变化系动词 表示主语变成什么样,变化系动词主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run. 例如: He became mad after that. 自那之后,他疯了。 She grew rich within a short time. 她没多长时间就富了。 6)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有 prove, trun out, 表达证实,变成 之意,例如: The rumor proved false. 这谣言证实有假。 The search proved diffic
9、ult. 搜查证实很难。 His plan turned out a success. 他的计划终于成功了。 (turn out 表终止性结果) 表语从句 表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。表语从句除可用that,what,when,why,whether,how 等引导外,还可由 because,as if(though)等引导。that 常可省略。如主句主语为 reason,只能用 that 引导表语从句,不可用 because. 天星教育网,因你而精彩!版权所有,侵权必究!本卷第 4页(共 26页)Perhaps the most important thing
10、to remember is that there is no one common type of life in America. The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies. It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller. 4宾语宾语是动作、行为的对象,由名词、代词、不定式、或相当于名词的词或短语或从句来充当,它和谓语动词一起说明
11、主语是什么,通常放在谓语动词后面。有时,会有双宾语。直接宾语和间接宾语及物动词作谓语时,后面要跟宾语,宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的对象。但有些动词除了直接宾语外,还需要有一个间接宾语,间接宾语表语动作是对谁做的,所以只能用名词或代词来充当。如:We brought them some food.主 谓 间宾 直宾间接宾语可以放在直接宾语后面,但必须加 to 或 for。宾语的补足语在英语的句子中有些句子里只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思,还必须在宾语后面加上宾语的补足语才能表达完整的意思。我们把“宾语宾语补足语”合起来称为复合宾语。复合宾语所表达的意思相当于一个巨资的意思。名词、
12、动词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以作宾语补足语.如:名词作宾补在英语中,常见的“宾语宾语补足语”的结构有:“宾语+ 名词” 。常用于改结构的动词有: call, name, make, find, choose, think, leave 等。We call him Jack.They made Li Lei their monitor.“宾语+ 形容词” 。常见的动词有 think, believe, leave, drive, make, keep, turn, wish, want 等。如: 天星教育网,因你而精彩!版权所有,侵权必究!本卷第 5页(共 26页
13、)Do you think his idea wrong?We must keep our classroom clean.We cant leave him alone.Can you get everything ready for the party before Friday?“宾语+ 副词” 。副词作宾补常表示宾语的状态,与宾语有逻辑上的主表关系。常见的副词有:down, up, here, there, home, in, out, anywhere 等。如:Let him in/ out.Mr. Li drove us home.When got there, we found
14、him out.“宾语+ 介词短语” 。介词短语作宾补常表示其逻辑主语(即宾语)所处的状态,两者有主表的关系。如:We found everything in good order.We regard him as our good friend.He opened the door and found some of his friends in the rain.“宾语+ 不定式” 。充当宾补的不定式有三种:A 要求带 to 的不定式The cool water of the lake invited us to swim.B 要求不带 to 的不定式 let, make, see, he
15、ar, watch 等The boss made the workers work 12 hours a day.I often hear him read English in his room.C 单词 help 后可加 to 或不加 toShe sometimes helps her mother (to) do housework.“宾语+ 现在分词” 。现在分词作宾补,此时在该句型中的宾语即为现在分词逻辑上的主语,有着主谓关系。I saw them playing on the playground.I heard Mary singing in the classroom.“宾语+
16、 过去分词” 。宾语和宾补之间是被动关系,过去分词表示被动和完成。I had my bike stolen.The teacher explained again and again to make himself understood. 形式宾语形容词 天星教育网,因你而精彩!版权所有,侵权必究!本卷第 6页(共 26页)We found it impossible to get there before Saturday.宾语+what 从句Call me what you like.Mr. Li has made the factory what it is today.The mountain village is