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1、第2篇 古典理论：长期中的经济,Part Classical Theory: The Economy in the Long Run,CHAPTER THREE National Income: Where it Comes From and Where it Goes 国民收入：从哪里来到哪里去,slide 2,In this chapter you will learn:,what determines the economys total output/income是什么决定了经济的总产出/收入 how the prices of the factors of production ar
2、e determined产出要素的价格是如何决定的 how total income is distributed总收入如何分配 what determines the demand for goods and services什么因素决定产品与服务需求 how equilibrium in the goods market is achieved如何实现产品与服务市场的均衡,slide 3,Figure 3.1 The Circular Flow of Dollars Through the Economy 货币在经济中的循环流程,slide 4,Outline of model,A clo
3、sed economy, market-clearing model封闭经济，市场出清 Supply side供应方 factor markets (supply, demand, price)生产要素市场（供给、需求、价格） determination of output/income产出/收入的决定 Demand side需求方 determinants of C, I, and G C，I，G 的决定 Equilibrium均衡 goods market产品与服务市场 loanable funds market可贷资金市场,slide 5,Factors of production,K
4、= capital, K=资本 tools, machines, and structures used in production用于生产的工具、机器、厂房等 L = labor,L=劳动力 the physical and mental efforts of workers工人的体力和脑力劳动,slide 6,The production function,denoted Y = F (K, L) shows how much output (Y ) the economy can produce from K units of capital and L units of labor.产
5、出Y是资本K 和劳动L 的函数 reflects the economys level of technology. 反映经济的技术水平 exhibits constant returns to scale.具有规模报酬不变的特征,slide 7,Returns to scale: a review,Initially Y1 = F (K1 , L1 ) Scale all inputs by the same factor z:K2 = zK1 and L2 = zL1 (If z = 1.25, then all inputs are increased by 25%) What happ
6、ens to output, Y2 = F (K2 , L2 ) ? If constant returns to scale规模报酬不变, Y2 = zY1 If increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增, Y2 zY1 If decreasing returns to scale规模报酬递减, Y2 zY1,slide 8,Exercise: determine returns to scale,Determine whether each of the following production functions has constant, increasing
7、, or decreasing returns to scale讨论下列生产函数是规模报酬不变、递增还是递减:,slide 9,Assumptions of the model模型假设,Technology is fixed技术水平不变. The economys supplies of capital and labor are fixed at经济总资本和劳动力的供给不变,slide 10,Determining GDP,Output is determined by the fixed factor supplies and the fixed state of technology产出
8、由固定的生产要素供给和固定的技术水平决定:,slide 11,The distribution of national income 国民收入的分配,determined by factor prices, the prices per unit that firms pay for the factors of production. 生产要素价格的决定，企业支付给生产要素的报酬 The wage is the price of L ,劳动力的价格是工资the rental rate is the price of K.资本的价格是租金率,slide 12,Notation,W = nomi
9、nal wage名义工资R = nominal rental rate名义租金率P = price of output产出价格W /P = real wage 实际工资 (measured in units of output)R /P = real rental rate实际租金率,slide 13,How factor prices are determined 要素的价格是如何决定的,Factor prices are determined by supply and demand in factor markets. 要素的价格由要素市场的需求和供给决定的 Recall: Supply
10、 of each factor is fixed.要素的供给给定 What about demand?,slide 14,Demand for labor劳动力的需求,Assume markets are competitive假设市场完全竞争: each firm takes W, R, and P as given企业是工资率、租金率和价格的接受者 Basic idea: A firm hires each unit of labor if the cost does not exceed the benefit如果成本不超过收益，企业雇用劳动力.cost = real wage 成本=实
11、际工资率 benefit = marginal product of labor 收益=劳动力的边际产量,slide 15,Marginal product of labor (MPL) 劳动力的边际产量,def: The extra output the firm can produce using an additional unit of labor (holding other inputs fixed):假设其它生产要素投入不变，企业增加一个单位的劳动力投入所增加的产量MPL = F (K, L +1) F (K, L),slide 16,Exercise: compute & gr
12、aph MPL,Determine MPL at each value of L Graph the production function写出生产函数 Graph the MPL curvewith MPL on the vertical axis and L on the horizontal axis画出MPL曲线，纵轴为MPL横轴为L,L Y MPL0 0 n.a.1 10 ?2 19 ?3 27 84 34 ?5 40 ?6 45 ?7 49 ?8 52 ?9 54 ?10 55 ?,slide 17,answers:,slide 18,Y output,The MPL and th
13、e production function 劳动的边际产量与生产函数,L labor,MPL,slide 19,Diminishing marginal returns 边际报酬递减,As a factor input is increased, its marginal product falls (other things equal). 随着要素投入的增加，要素的边际产量减少（其它条件不变） Intuition: L while holding K fixed资本K 不变，L增加 fewer machines per worker 单位劳动占有的资本减少 lower productivi
14、ty产量减少,slide 20,Check your understanding:,Which of these production functions have diminishing marginal returns to labor下列生产函数哪些是劳动力的边际报酬递减?,slide 21,Exercise (part 2),Suppose W/P = 6. If L = 3, should firm hire more or less labor? Why? If L = 7, should firm hire more or less labor? Why?,L Y MPL0 0
15、n.a.1 10 102 19 93 27 84 34 75 40 66 45 57 49 48 52 39 54 210 55 1,slide 22,MPL and the demand for labor,Each firm hires labor up to the point where MPL = W/P,slide 23,The equilibrium real wage,The real wage adjusts to equate labor demand with supply. 实际工资率调整，使劳动需求等于供给,slide 24,Determining the renta
16、l rate,We have just seen that MPL = W/P The same logic shows that MPK = R/P : diminishing returns to capital资本的边际报酬递减: MPK as K The MPK curve is the firms demand curve for renting capital. MPK曲线是企业对资本的需求曲线 Firms maximize profits by choosing K such that MPK = R/P . 当企业购买的资本量满足MPK=R/P 时，企业实现利润最大化,slide 25,The equilibrium real rental rate 实际租金率的均衡,The real rental rate adjusts to equate demand for capital with supply. 实际租金率的调整使资本的需求等于供给,
