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1、第一部分,梅洛庞蒂（Maurice Merleau-Ponty）：“含混的思想家”,Merleau-Ponty （19081961）1. 生平：1926年 进入高师。在大学期间，梅洛-庞蒂与年龄稍长的萨特、雷蒙阿隆（1905-1983）、伊波利特（1907-1968）初步相识，不过只是后来才成为真正意义上的朋友。1933年9月至1934年9月，到德国进修一年，听胡塞尔的讲课，阅读和研究克尔凯戈尔（1813-1855）、海德格尔、胡塞尔的作品。1945年，出版其代表性著作知觉现象学；与萨特、波伏瓦等人共同创办现代杂志，萨特任主编，他担任政治编辑。,1953年 1月15日，他在法兰西学院发表就职演
2、讲。该演讲名曰哲学赞 词。1961年 1月，他的眼与心发表于法兰西艺术杂志；5月3日，他因 病逝世于巴黎家中，当时正在准备第二天的课程。现代 杂志随后以184和185合卷的方式刊登了“梅洛-庞蒂纪念专集”，收录了他本人的眼与心和萨特回顾性的动情之作梅洛-庞蒂永生等。,2. 主要著作（分期）1942年 行为的结构The Structure of Behavior1945年 知觉现象学Phenomenology of Perception 1964年 眼与心；可见者与不可见者The Visible and the Invisible,“哲学家承认他不可分割地拥有对明证的喜好与对含混的意识。当他满足
3、于接受含混时，这被称为歧义。在大哲学家那里，含混变成为主题，它有助于确立确定性而不是对此构成威胁。” 哲学赞词,第一章,行为的结构,1.“Our goal is to understand the relationship of consciousness and nature: organic, psychological or even social”“我们的目的就是去理解意识与自然之间的关系：机体的，心理的，乃至社会的”,两种传统的观点：a-1. “客观主义” （objectivism）：哲学上：“自然主义”（naturalism）心理学上：“行为主义”（behaviorism）生理学上
4、：机械论（mechanism）b-2. “理智主义”（intellectualism）新康德主义（neo-Kantianism ）,黑格尔的影响（精神现象学）starts from below：不是从主体认识的先天条件出发（condition a priori）而是从当时的科学研究成果出发：生理学/心理学 vs 其本体论的前提,2. “格式塔心理学”（Gestalt psychologists）a. 区分：basic unit of explanation与what actually had been given phenomenally in experience,b. 格式塔实验,b-1.
5、 “行动”总是有“目的”，有“方向”，或，“有意义的”（meaningful）sens : meaning or directionb-2. “行为主义”的解释：因果关系：刺激（对象）反应（身体） 分解 分解,c. 最基本的经验都已经具有“结构”了，（最基本的结构就是figure/ground）structure is not reducible to the interaction of atomic units,d. 格式塔心理学的问题：a. 将“格式塔”视作“a thing-like being”b. 未质疑“因果性”的前提：structures existed in nature an
6、d that they do not cause atomic responses but rather structured responses,3. 梅洛庞蒂的解释：a. the Gestalt exists for a perceiving subject; it is not a part of the world as it is in itself“格式塔”是知觉主体向周围环境所投射（project）的“场域”，而不是客观环境中的实在的一部分。（卢浮宫mouse）,b. 并不是倒退回康德式的“先验哲学”c. 三种“格式塔”： the physicalthe vital the hu
7、man order,c-1. the physical,c-2. the vital根据抽象等级：Syncretic structures ：直接和“具体”相关movable structures ：与某种“类型”的场景相关,c-3. Human orderit institutes a domain of culture in which the object is in no immediate sense related to a biological function“语言”： （波普尔：世界3）,4. 重新审视“身心”问题：a. 批判笛卡儿“二元论”b. 三种structure是相互
8、关联的（黑格尔“扬弃”（sublation）“Each of them has to be conceived as a retaking and new structuralization of the preceding one“,5. 超越“批判哲学”，“interrogation of the subject”a. 不同于：笛卡儿：实体性的主体康德：作为经验的可能性条件的主体b. 而是：被“构成”的主体constituted by a dialectic of physical and vital structuresc. 超越“批判哲学”：Gestalt must be concei
9、ved of as a unity of both nature and idea,consciousness:不是intellectual consciousness(nature仅仅是appearance）而是perceptual consciousness“The signification is embodied”,6. 转向知觉现象学从黑格尔胡塞尔“The Philosopher and his Shadow“,第二章,知觉现象学,1. 批判objectivism不再通过对经验科学的考察“The whole universe of science is built upon the
10、world as directly experienced”“science is the second-order expression”,2. 深入批判“先验哲学”：a. 康德哲学的经验并非直接的、真实的，而是经过理性的综合和“重构”（reconstuct）的结果；b. perception and judgment c. “The phenomenological reduction is idealist“ (PP, xi),d. 对胡塞尔的“还原”概念的改造：“Reduction does not withdraw from the world towards the unity o
11、f consciousness as the worlds basis: it steps back to watch the forms of transcendence fly up like sparks from a fire; it slackens the intentional threads which attach us to the world, and thus brings them to our notice. It, alone, is consciousness of the world, because it reveals the world as stran
12、ge and paradoxical“ (PP, xii),e. 后期的“艺术转向”：Eye and Mind The painters vision draws our attention to the play of light and shadow through which the visible object becomes visible,The Visible and the Invisiblethe writing of Proust in Remembrance of Things Past that breaks through the familiarity of ord
13、inary language, showing us the “little phrases“ which form the substrate of ordinary speech,3. The Spatiality of Ones Own Body and Motility“Bodily experience forces us to acknowledge an imposition of meaning, which is not the work of a universal-constituting consciousness, My body is the meaningful
14、core which behaves like a general function, and which, nevertheless, exists and is susceptible to disease”a. body不是“空间”之中的“物体”（对象）；b. “空间”也不是客观的、独立的，而是“生存的空间”，是在身体与世界的原初的关联中展开的；,“phantom limb” 的例证：两个方面的意义：a. the patient experiences the absent limb, for example, a hand, as a correlate of those aspect
15、s of the world which “speak to“ the hand, namely, the piano to be played, the doorknob to be opened, and so forth.,b. “habitual body“ On the basis of past experience, I have learned that doorknobs are to be turned. This knowledge has sedimentated into my habitual body.,c. non-personal or pre-persona
16、l dimensions of our existence：,“Every time I experience a sensation, I feel that it concerns not my own being, the one for which I am responsible, and for which I make decisions, but another self, which has already sided with the world, which is already open to certain of its aspects, and synchronized with them. Between my sensation and myself there stands always the thickness of some primordial acquisition which prevents my experience from being clear to itself.”,
