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1、一知识复习 2 Verb-ed form 一、V-ed 分词具有形容词和副词性质，在句中可充当定语、表语、宾语补语、状 语。 1作定语作定语 过去分词作定语，表示已经完成的被动的动作或状态,但不及物动词构成的过去分 词只表示完成，而不表示被动意义。 例如： 完成+被动： a polluted river a locked room a well-educated man只有完成： a retired worker a fallen leaf boiled water 作定语的 V-ed 分词也有前置和后置两种情况。单个过去分词作定语，常常位于 被修饰的名词前；而过去分词短语作定语时，常常位于被
2、修饰的名词后面，相当 于一个定语从句。 Eg. 1).You should improve your spoken(speak) English.2).Whats the language spoken (speak) in that area? =.Whats the language which/that is spoken (speak) in that area? 3).The firemen were trying to rescue the people trapped in the fire. =The firemen were trying to rescue the peop
3、le who was trapped in the fire. 4).The meeting, attended by one thousand students, was a success. = The meeting, which was attended by one thousand students, was a success. 2作表语作表语 作表语的 V-ed 分词大多转化成为形容词，通常用于联系动词之后（例如 be, seem, appear, look, sound ,feel, remain, stay, become, get 等） ，表示主语所处的状态 1).Edi
4、son became interested (interest) in science when he was very young. 2).She looks very excited(excite) at the news. 3). When I was cleaning the window, my finger got cut(cut) unexpectedly. 3作宾语补足语作宾语补足语 如果宾语与后面作宾补的动词构成被动关系，则使用 V-ed 分词作宾补。可以带 V-ed 分词作宾补的词有：with, see, watch, observe, notice, look at, h
5、ear, listen to, feel, sense, find, leave, keep, get, have, make. 1).I had my money stolen(steal) on the bus. 2).As he knows little English, he finds it difficult to make himself understood (understand). 3).In the morning, people woke up and found the world outside their houses completely changed(cha
6、nge). 4作状语作状语 作状语的 V-ed 分词与主句之间常有逗号隔开,在句中可表示时间,原因,条件,让步, 伴随等情况,并可转化为相应的状语从句。作状语的 V-ed 和主句的主语常有被动 关系。 1) 时间状语时间状语 Seen from space, the earth looks blue. = When the earth is seen from space, it looks blue.Asked what had happened, he lowered his head.= When he was asked what had happened, he lowered hi
7、s head. 2) 原因状语原因状语 Born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling. =As he was born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling. Because they were moved by the story, they decided to help her. =Moved by the story, they decided to help her. 3)条件状语条件状语 Given more time, we are s
8、ure to finish it. =If we are given more time, we are sure to finish it. Compared with other professors, she is an excellent speaker. =.二、转化为形容词的转化为形容词的 V-edV-ed 有一些过去分词已转化为形容词,失去被动意义,仅表状态。如:hidden, dressed, lost, seated, determined, absorbed, injured, based, surprised, satisfied, bored, tired e.g Wh
9、at made you so frightened? The dog, bored with the game, will not play any more. = The dog, which is bored with the game, will not play any more. Much interested, he agreed to give it a try. =As he was much interested, he agreed to give it a try. Seated in the car, the President waved to the crowd.
10、= While he was seated in the car, the President waved to the crowd. 三、连词三、连词+V-ed+V-ed 过去分词有时和连词(when, while, whenever, until, if, unless, once, though, although，even though/if)一起用，相当于状语从句的紧缩式。 （注意：before/after 后不直接跟 V-ed 分词，而用 before/afterbeing done,因为 此时分词前的 before/ after 是介词。 ） If accepted(accept
11、) for this post, you will be informed by May 1st. Unless changed (change), this law will make life difficult for farmers. I will not give up my plan even if told(tell) to. These machines must be checked before being used(use). 四、四、to be done, being done, done, having been done 作定语的区别：作定语的区别： 以上四种形式都
12、表示被动，都可作定语。to be done 表示即将被;being done 表 示正在被;done 表示被做过了;having been done 作非限制性定语，和被修饰词 用逗号隔开,强调在谓语动词的动作之前完成。The question to be discussed(discuss) tomorrow involves pollution. The question discussed (discuss) yesterday involves pollution. The question being discussed (discuss) now involves pollutio
13、n. The question, having been discussed (discuss) for years, involves pollution. 五、五、done, having been done 作状语的区别：作状语的区别： being done 一般在句中不作状语,而用 done 代替之。having been done 强调动作在 谓语动作之前完成,或已经持续一段时间的动作,常用作时间和原因状语,done 则不 强调时间先后和持续一段时间。 Led (lead) by the local guide, we went further into the forest. Ha
14、ving been taken(take) good care of for half a year, the patient became far better. Having been translated (translate) into many languages, the novel is well-known throughout the world. 二重点归纳 1. Not everything that is best for nature is good for people. 句中 that 引导定语从句，修饰 everything。 否定词 not 出现在含有 all
15、, both, everything, everyone 以及 every+名词的句中表示 部分否定，not 可位于这些词的前面，也可以位于他们后面。 e.g. Not both of them have read this book.=Both of them havent read this book. All bamboo doesnt grow well. =Not all bamboo grows well. Not everything that is best for nature is good for people. = Everything that is best for
16、 nature is not good for people.2Would anyone say that development should be stopped in favor of nature? in favour of: 有利于，赞同（接名词、代词和动名词） ask a favour of 请某人帮忙 do sb. a favour = do a favour for sb. 帮某人一个忙 我们赞成这个建议。 We are in favor of this suggestion 我和朋友谈过，他完全赞同放弃这个计划。 I talked to my friend about it, and he is all in favor of giving up the plan.3Should they be blamed for destroying hundreds of thousands of acres of rainforest if it mea
