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1、NegotiatingCorporateandCommercialContractsinEuropeAcomparativeiewntoypicalClauses问CoporateandCommeroialcontracts问anumber0fEuropeanJurisdictons:JinchuEuueeuueutesueuesstuSeuuyOctober14,2013Simmons妨SimmonsACQsgeSimmons&SimmonsFormationofContracts.Simmons&SimmonsFormationofContractsunderCivilLaw.Gerrna
2、义目“Freedomofcontract(ie.nonumerusclaususofdeterminedcontracttypes).里FRequirementsforacontractunderGermanlaWaccordingtosec.145etseq.GermanCiilCode(e,BUrgerfchesGesetzbuch,asknownasBGB)一(1)Onepartymakesanofler(Angebofi;and一(8)anotherpartyacceptsthisofler(Annahmei-一“Foracontracttobeenforcesblethepartie
3、sneedtoaqreeonitsessentialcontent(essentialanego仪(anies;(subjecti(i)Elacsofperomiance;and(V)anyotherrightsandobligaiionis目“Thereisnoneedforanactual“bargain“(ie.considerationj.里“Speciticformsarerequiredforcerlainypesofcontracts(ie.notarialformfordonationsandrealestatecontracts).However,theformisnotpa
4、rtofheessentialcontentofacontractTherefore,uponcertaincircumstances,ifnotcorrecticanbecured.Simmons&SimmonsFormationofContractsunderCivilLaw.ltaly重Freedomofcontract(Le.nonumerusclaususofdeterminedcontractypes)里Thestandardwayforenteringintoacontractisthroughacontractualoffer(madebyonepary)andtheaccep
5、tanceofsuchcontractualoffer(bytheotherparty)(article1326oftheltalianCMilCodel.里Underltalianlawarticle1325oftheltalianCivilCodej,acontracttobeenforceablerequires:(theagreementbetweentheparties;(0thesocalledcausa(ie.theessenceofthecontractji(闯the_obiectiand(iv)totheextentiisequestedforspecificcontract
6、s,aspecitform(ieWritlenandlornotarialfomi-thersquirementofthewrittenformmaintyegardscontracisrelatedloTealestate里Theobjectofacontractarethe_obligationsthereto.Itmustbe:possible,legalldeterminedordeterminable(article1346oftheltalianCiilCode).里Therequirementofthecausacorrespondtotheessenceofthecontrac
7、tandneedtobelegal(e.itmustnotviolatemandatoryprovisions).Thereisnoneedforanactual“bargain“(e.consideration)Simmons&SimmonsFormationofContractsunderCommonLaw.Enqland目Freedomofcontract(ie.nonumerusclaususofdelerminedcontractYpesj里UnderEnglishlawvoluntarypromisescannotbeenforced:foracontracttobeentered
8、intothereisaWaystheneedfor:()anoflermadebyonepartyandacceptedbyanotherone;仪consideration;and(闵theintenttocreatealegalrelation.里Acontracttobevalidneedtocontaina“bargain:eachpartymustdosomethingfortheother(ie.considerationj.Courtwillnotassesswhethertheconsiderationisfeir(ie。itcanbenominali里Thereisnone
9、edforaconsiderationforsomethingthathasDeendoneinthepast(ie.pastconsideration)orconsiderationwhereonepartyisalreadylegallyobligedtoact(LebystatutorylaW.里Instead,apromisecontainedinadeedisenforceable,evenwithoutconsideration.Howeverdeedsrequirespecialformalities(ie.writtenformandwitnesses).目Inpractice
10、,lackofconsiderationisrarelyanissue。Simmons&SimmonsMostCommonClauses:.Simmons&SimmonsMostCommonClauses:Conditionsprecedent.tobevalid,saideventshalbefutureanduncerain.tcandependsolaynoeparys。WI。(butsuchcondilonshallbereasonabyinepretedandinpractoeisusualtyavoldedj.Therearenoconstaintsuponthesecondito
11、nsapadfromthattheyhavetobesufioientycleartoknowwhentheyhavebeenmeLEnglishLawGermanLawltalianLawPariescanagree000neor|aPariescanagree0none|aPariescanagreson0neorseveralseveralconditonf)|orseveral_conditonfsj|condiionfs)preoedentloracontactprecedentforacontact|preoedentloracontact|(tnerecouldbealsocon
12、diions(therecouldbealso|“(here“couldbe“alo|subsequeng(aricle1353oftheconditonssubsequengconditonssubsequen-ltalanCMICodej口Inorderforsuchcondiionsj|lnorder“for。such|inorderforsuchcondiionfs)tobecondiionsjIbevalidbsaideventshalbefutue2nduncenain-sSioneventcannotspendexelusvelyononeparysWiI。(ie,condiio
13、nfe)precedent。must。becbjeotvej口Wordingofthecondiionshouldbeclear-avoiduncenainty“about“theocourenceolthecondiionvaldsaideventshallbefutureanduncenainandshallbeinaccordanceW。anyapplcablemandatoryfroviionsandtfapublcorderandmoraigypinoples-口Such。event“cannot“dependexclusveyononeparysWil(.e。condilon6)p
14、recedent“mustbeobjecive(aridle1355ofheltalanCMICodelsThewordingshallbeclearinordertoavoiduncerainttSimmons&SimmonsMostCommonClauses:RepresentationsandWarranties.EnglishLawGermanLawltalianLaw口Thearehofepresentatons|日Bydelautappygeneral|aBy“delaut“2ppygeneralandwanantesbydelault|representatonsand|repr
15、esentatonsandwarantes(onyexcepton;consumercontacts口Parescaninsertspeciicrepresentatonsandwarantes,Iespectvelya5statementsoflactthatnducetheolherparytoentrlntsthecontactorin_oriertwarantthataceriainfactorstuationisttue。epresentatonsandwarantessreofenInkedtoindernttes:warantesdependngontheVpeofcontact
16、(.esalecontactwarantyforcleanownership)口PariescanagreeonexrfiiwarantestSoostenddesGarantievorsprachayadditonorinsleadofthewarantyIegulatonssetoutbylawaRepresentatonsandwarantes“are“ofenInkedtoindemniies:depending_ontebpeofcontact(e,saleconactwarantyforcleanownershipj口nadditonorinsteadthegenealrepres
17、ertationsandwarantesatappybydelaul(as-Iar沥eycanbedludedjpatiescaninsertspeciieiepresentatonsandwarantes,respectveWa5statementsoffactthatinducetheolherparyloenlernothecontactorinodertowanantthatacerainlactorsftuatonitrue。Representatonsandwarnantiesareofeninkedioindenniiess0MostCommonClauses:Indemnity
18、.Simmons&SimmonsEnglishLawGermanLaWltalianLaw气Generalule认oneparyviolatesthecongactimustindernnitytheotnerpartyfoanydamagesarsngtherefiomseegeneralbreacofcontactprowiionslsPariescaninsertdausesthatstateaparyhastoindernitytheothershouldsomacvertcccur“or“Some“Flovsnfvarantyorrepresertation)transpietobe
19、uninue。PurposesofindermitesaretoderogatefomthegeneraltmelimiationulesandioIimil。indemniications。toceriainscenafosandlorupIoacerainmaximumamountfseeimitaton“oflabityolausej.Generalnule:if_oneparyvwiolatesthecontactimustindemnitythefnerparyforanydamagesarsingtherefomseegeneralbreach“ofcontectprovision
20、s-口Pariescaninsertclausesthatstateapartyhastoindemigyerihershcidsomaaventocoraf,sorisbrovlsiotaranty“oriepresertaton)anspie0be。unueffexiiio/口PurposesofindenitesaretoderogatefomthegeneraltmeImitatonlesandtoImtindernifoatonsa。certainsoenariosandorUploaceniainmaximumamountfseeimtationofliabiityclausej气
21、Generalle:ifonepartyviolatesthecontactimusindermnitytheoherparyforanydamagesariiingiherefiom(seegeneralbreachofcontactprovisions-Pariescaninsertclausesthatstaleaparyhastoindernitths_ofherzhouldsomeeventccurrsomeprovision(vananty“orepresentation)anspiei。be。unteffexiiio/口Puposesofndemnitesaretodeogate
22、ffomthegeneraltmeImiatonlesandtoImtindermnifoatons“locerainsoenariosandloruptoacerainmaximumamount。(eeeWimitatonofliabityclausejSimmons&SimmonsMostCommonClauses:Limitationofliability.EnglishLawGermanLawltalianLaw“SanmgF5feeqon5contactsUnialrContactTemmsAct1977(UCTAsFraud-labligycannotbelmtedoresolud
23、ed。BUTCurentypossibletoexoidelablityfordelberalebreachWWilul。mieconducAstaZenecaUKUimiieaYAlbemareInematinalCorporatonand、AtcomantaConporaton2011.Notallkndofssescanbesxcudede.personalinjuydeathjsLimitatonperod-bydetaul6yeasfomacovalofcauseofaelon(12yearswhereadeedisused),butparescana06e0“Shorlen“lem
24、ssubjectioUCTA.口Staringpointifeedomofcontactpariescanimtttheilabittyonamaximumamountoffabity,Canalsobeappfed:basket“concepls,floor“andminimumamounts.。Pariescanalsoimittheirfabiltybyexelusionofcenainbypesofdamgesfndieotdamages,loss开proltalcjhicisneiPossbleteptcllos:)bmagescausedbyWilulmisconductsec-2
25、76para-3GermanCiMICodej;仪Iablityacoordinglolortlawand(伊ProductLiabiityActandLUiabittytowardconsumersaUnmiatonpenod-bydefault3yearsfomacoualofcauseofacton,Pariescanagrestshortenteme口Staringpoint馗freedomofcontactpariescanagreeonamaximunlamountUptowhichtheycanbeheidlable.Canalsobeappledbasketconcepls,foorandminimum2mounts:sDimiatonofliabiiy5notpermiteduponthefolowing()demsgsscaueedbygrossneglgenoe,Wifulmisoonductorinconnectonwifpubicorderproviionsarile1229ofthetalanCMiCode;or06)speoialoase:ConsumerCodeDnmiationperod-bydelaut10yearsfomacomualofcauseofacton.Partiescanagreetoshonentermse
