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1、Systematic Anatomy,down,Department of Anatomy Yunyang medical college,【目的和要求】,1了解系统解剖学的任务、分科及发展简史。2掌握人体的标准姿势、方位术语、轴和面。3掌握骨的分类，了解骨的表面形态，掌握骨的构造。4了解骨的化学成分和物理性质。5掌握椎骨的一般形态、各部椎骨的主要特征。6掌握胸骨的分部及重要标志。7掌握肋的组成、形态结构。,上页,Introduction,一、Concept and divisionHuman Anatomy is the science which deals with the gross
2、morphology and spatial interrelations of the structure of the body .For medical students, human anatomy is the basic course of preclinical and clinical curriculum.,down,Up,systematic anatomymacroanatomy巨视解剖 regional anatomyhistologymicroanatomy cytology 微视解剖 embryologysurgical anatomy surface anatom
3、yX-ray anatomysectional anatomylocomotive anatomy,human anatomy （division）,down,Up,二、人体解剖学发展简史（自学）三、我国人体解剖学的发展历程（自学）,down,Up,四、The parts and systems of the body,.the human body is divided into ten parts.the headthe neckthe thoraxthe backthe abdomenthe pelvis and perineum the upper limbsthe lower lim
4、bs,down,Up,Locomotor system 运动系统 Alimentary (Digestive) system 消化系统 Respiratory system 呼吸系统 Urinary system 泌尿系统 Reproductive system 生殖系统 Endocrine system 内分泌系统 Circulatory system 脉管系统 Sense organs 感觉器 Nervous system 神经系统,. There are nine systems in human body,down,Up,五、The anatomical position,terms
5、of direction,axis and planes,down,Up,. The anatomicalposition解剖学姿势,.The terms of directionSuperior and inferiorAnterior and posterior(ventral) and ( dorsal)Medial and lateralInternal and externalSuperficial and profound Proximal近 and distal远Ulnar 尺and radial桡Tibial胫 and fibular 腓,down,Up, .The axis
6、and planesvertical axisaxis sagittal axisfrontal axissagittal planeplanes frontal planehorizontal plane,down,Up,六、人体解剖学的学习方法,down,Up,运 动 系 统 Locomotor system,down,Up,The locomotor system consists of bones, joints and muscles,origin,belly,tendon,insertion,down,Up,Chapter 1 Osteology 骨学,According to t
7、he location of the bones, it can be divided into skull , bones of trunk, bones of limbs. The former two form the axial bone.,Section 1 The general description,down,Up,一、The shape and classification of the bones,long bones 长骨short bones 短骨flat bones 扁骨irregular bones 不规则骨,down,Up,1. long bones are fo
8、und in limbs , it consists of a body and two ends.,Medullary cavity,Epiphysis,Epiphysial cartilage,down,Up,2. short bonesthe short bonesdistribute in wrist and foot.,down,Up,3. flat bonesthey distribute in skull and chest.,down,Up,4. irregular bonesthe irregular bones are greatly varied in shape, su
9、ch as cranial bones and vertebrae.,sinus,down,Up,二、骨的表面形态（了解）,The living bones consist of bony substance 骨质, periosteum 骨膜 and bone marrow 骨髓.,Periosteum,Bony substance,Bonemarrow,down,Up,三、the structure of bones,1.bony substance (1) Compact bone:坚实致密，配布于骨表面。,(2) Spongy bone：呈海绵状，配布于骨的内部，由骨小梁组成。,dow
10、n,Up,2. periosteumIt covers the surface of the bone (except the articular part) , it consists of two layers : an outer and an inner membrane.,down,Up,Periosteum,3. bone marrowbone marrow is found in the medullary cavities of long bones and within spaces in spongy bone. There are two kinds of bone ma
11、rrow, red and yellow .,Red marrow,Yellow marrow,down,Up,四、The chemical composition and physical properties of bone,organic,inorganic,Living bones are plastic tissues with organic and inorganic.,down,Up,Section 2 The axial bone 中轴骨,一、The bones of trunk躯干骨,The bones of trunk include the vertebrae, the
12、 sternum and the ribs, which provide framework for the vertebral column(脊柱), the thoracic cage(胸廓)and the pelvis(骨盆).,down,Up,(一）The vertebrae 椎骨,In a child, the normal number of the separate vertebrae is 32 or 33.Cervical 颈vertebrae: C7 Thoracic胸vertebrae: T12 Lumbar腰vertebrae: L5 Sacral骶vertebrae:
13、 S5 Coccygeal尾vertebrae: Co34,down,Up,1. The general features of the vertebrae,vertebral body 椎体vertebral foramenvertebral canal vertebral arch 椎弓pedicle of vertebral archintervertebral foramenlaminae of vertebral archspinous process Seven processes transverse processesarticular processes,down,Up,2.
14、 The main characteristics of vertebrae in each region,(1) Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎 the body is heart-shaped. costal fovea. articular facets of articular processes are relatively vertical. the spinous process are long and downward sloping,down,Up,(2) Cervical vertebrae 颈椎 the body is small. articular fa
15、cets of articular processes are relatively horizontal. vertebral foramen is large and is nearly triangular. there are the transverse foramen. the spinous process are short and bifid.,down,Up,Up,Luschka关节颈椎病,Up, the first cervical vertebrae is known as atlas 寰椎.the second cervical vertebrae is known
16、as axis 枢椎.the seventh cervical vertebrae is known as vertebra prominens 隆椎.,down,Up,(3) Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎 the body is large. vertebral foramen is triangular. articular facets of articular processes are almost sagittal. the spinous process are strong , short, square and horizontal.,down,Up,(4) The sacrum 骶骨promontory 岬anterior sacral foraminasacral hiatus 骶管裂孔sacral cornu 骶角,
