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1、雅思语法 Victor- 1 -第一讲第一讲 英语基本句子成分和句子结构英语基本句子成分和句子结构一、一、英语句子成分英语句子成分 句子成分的定义：句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分有主要成分主要成分和次要成分次要成分，主要 成分有主语主语和谓语谓语，次要成分有表语表语、宾语宾语、定语定语、状语状语、补足语补足语、同位语同位语和插入语插入语。1. 主语主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在 there be 结构结构、疑问句（当疑问句（当 主语不是疑问词时）主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中倒装句中，主语位于谓语动词、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名名 词词、代词代
2、词、数词数词、不定式不定式、动名词动名词、名词化的形容词名词化的形容词和主语从句主语从句等表示。例如：Tom is a good boy. （名词）We often speak English in class. （代词） One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词）To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式）Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）The rich should help the poor. （名词化形容词）When we a
3、re going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句） It is necessary to master a foreign language. （it 为形式主语形式主语，不定式为真实主语真实主语）2. 谓语：谓语：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主 语之后。谓语的构成如下： (1) 简单谓语简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。例如： He practices running every morning. (2) 复合谓语复合谓语 ： 由（情态动词或其他助动词+动词原形）构成。例如：
4、 You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. We are having a quick breakfast.3. 表语：表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词系动词（如 be, keep, remain, become, get, grow, turn, look, seem, feel, smell, sound, taste 等）之后。表语须和系动词一起构 成句子的复合谓语（系表结构系表结构） 。表语一般由名词名词、代词代词、形容词形容词、分词分词、数词数词、不定式不定式、 动名词动名词
5、、介词短语介词短语、副词副词及从句从句充当。例如： My mother is a doctor. （名词）Is it yours? （代词）The weather has turned cold. （形容词）The speech is exciting. （现在分词）The door is closed. （过去分词）Three times seven is twenty one. （数词）His job is to teach English. （不定式）His hobby is playing football. （动名词）The machine must be out of order.
6、 （介词短语）Time is up. The class is over. （副词）The truth is that he has never been abroad. （表语从句）4. 宾语：宾语：宾语表示动作的对象对象或承受者承受者，一般位于及物动词及物动词和介词介词后面。例如：雅思语法 Victor- 2 -They went to see an exhibition yesterday. （名词）The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. （代词）How many dictionaries do you hav
7、e? I have three. （数词）They helped the old with their housework yesterday. （名词化形容词）He pretended not to see me. （不定式）I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词）I think (that) he is fit for this job. （宾语从句） 宾语种类：宾语种类： (1) 双宾语双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语） ，例如： Lend me your dictionary, please. =Lend your dictionary to me,
8、 please.间宾 直宾 直宾 间宾 可以带双宾语的动词有 bring, give, show, send, pass, tell, lend, offer, buy, make, do 等。 (2) 复合宾语（宾语复合宾语（宾语+宾语补足语）宾语补足语） ，例如： They elected him their monitor.宾语 宾语补足语5. 宾语补足语宾语补足语：用以补充说明宾语，并与宾语一起构成复合宾语的句子成分，叫做宾语补 足语。英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，才能使句子 的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如 make, let
9、, see, find, name 等） 或介词（如 with）+宾语+宾补。宾语补足语可由名词名词、形容词形容词、副词副词、不定式不定式、分词分词、介介 词短语词短语和从句从句充当。例如： His father named him Dongming. （名词） They painted their boat white. （形容词） Let the fresh air in. （副词） I ask him to go home now. （不定式） We saw her entering the room. （现在分词） He found the door locked. （过去分词） We
10、 found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语） We will soon make our city what your city is now. （从句）6. 定语定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下成分充当： Guilin is a beautiful city. （形容词） China is a developing country. （现在分词） America is a developed country. （过去分词） There are thirty women teachers in our schoo
11、l. （名词）His maths is very good. （形容词性物主代词） I am the last person to leave the classroom. （不定式） The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. （动名词） He is reading an article about how to learn German. （介词短语）7. 状语状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状 语。可由以下形式充当：Light travels most qu
12、ickly. （副词性词组）He has lived in the city for ten years. （介词短语） He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. （不定式）雅思语法 Victor- 3 -He is in the room making a model plane. （现在分词短语）Wait a minute. （名词）Once you begin, you must continue. （状语从句） 状语种类如下状语种类如下：How about meeting again at
13、 six? （时间状语）Last night he didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. （原因状语）I shall go there if it doesnt rain. （条件状语从句）Mr. Smith lived on the third floor. （地点状语）She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （方式状语）She came in with a book in her hand. （伴随状语）In order to catch up with the othe
14、rs, I must work harder. （目的状语）He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. （结果状语从句）She works very hard though she is old. （让步状语从句）I am taller than he is. （比较状语从句）8. 同位语同位语：同位语是在名词或代词之后并列的另一个名词名词或代词代词，对前者加以解释或说明 的句子成分。它近乎于后置定语，对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，说明前面的词是 “谁” 、是“什么”等。同位语通常由名词名词、代词代词或从句从句等担当。例如： Yangt
15、ze River, the longest river in China, flows through the center of the city. （名词） We all are students. （代词） The fact that the transport of goods costs too much was not discussed. （同位语从句）Passive smoking, the breathing in of the smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, can also cause a health risk. （动名词）9. 插入语：插入语：插入语是对句子的额外补充说明额外补充说明，是句子主体内容之外的成分，用逗号逗号或者破破 折号折号把插入语和主体内容隔开。
