《空间科学与探测技术概论》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《空间科学与探测技术概论（357页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、空间科学与探测技术概论 Introduction for Space Science and explore technology Institute of Fusion Theory and Simulation 马志为,第一章：空间(太空)物理学概论 Introduction of space physics,空间物理学的研究对象、特点、方法、以及重要性(1957)。 研究对象: 一、日地空间物理(Solar-terrestrial physics) 日地空间的范围 太阳上层大气、日地行星际空间、地球磁层、电离层及中高层大气(geospace),2.日地空间物理的分支学科 太阳上层大气物理
2、、日地行星际空间物理、地球磁层物理、电离层物理及中高层大气物理(geospace) 3. 主要研究内容 1) 研究太阳内部的结构和动力学及其对驱动太阳活动的作间,日冕加热(corona heating) 太阳耀斑(solar flare) 日冕物质抛射(CME),2)研究太阳事件在行星际空间的和演化过程 3)研究太阳事件及行星际扰动对地球空间环境的影响 (see movie recon),4)研究太阳事件、行星际扰动、及磁层扰动和低层大气对电离层的影响 See movie (Aurora) 5)日地环境模型及预报方法研究 6)研究日地空间环境变化和人类活动对天、地基技术系统和人类生存环境的影响
3、,第二章：空间物理学的发展史 Many in Europe/US were unaware of observations reported in China. Some elements* of a time-line from the perspective of China: 2,500 BC - Development of Chinese characters 2,357 BC - Chinese records mention the Pleiades昴宿星(团)star cluster. 2,134 BC - Chinese astrologers占星家beheaded beca
4、use they failed to predict a solar eclipse. 2,000 BC - Chinese report sightings of aurora极光,1,500 BC - Sighting of first supernova超新星 by ancient Chinese,1,111 BC - First naked-eye solar flares possibly sighted by Chinese 800 BC - First sunspots太阳的黑点sighted by Chinese 239 BC - Chinese first to record
5、 Halleys Comet 500 AD - First report of naked-eye sunspot by Chinese 1006 AD - Supernova SN1006 1054 AD - Crab巨蟹座Supernova seen by Chinese,超新星SN1006,历史记载中最亮的超新星，中国对其有非常详细的记载，宋代的天文学家称其为周伯星。宋史第五十六卷天文志上详细记载：“景德三年四月戊寅，周伯星见，出氐南，骑官西一度，状如半月，有芒角，煌煌然可以鉴物，历库楼东。八月，随天轮入浊。十一月复见在氐。自是，常以十一月辰见东方，八月西南入浊。”现代天文学家将它编为S
6、N1006。,超新星在天体物理研究中扮演着非常独特和重要的角色，对它的认识极大推动了宇宙学、高能天体物理及恒星物理的发展。近年来，具有标志意义的研究包括：通过对局部Ia型超新星的定标得到哈勃常数的精确测量，通过对高红移Ia型超新星的观测推断出宇宙整体处于加速膨胀阶段。这些概念对现代物理基础提出严峻的挑战，并有可能导致人类对物质世界认识的一场革命。 在这颗超新星爆发的千年纪念日，2006年全世界60多名科学家齐聚西子湖畔举行科学盛会,A bit of history: Gilbert, Halley, Celsius and Hiorter, Birkeland Earths aurora Th
7、e mechanisms that produce it. Aurorae at Jupiter, Saturn, and other solar system bodies. Differences from aurorae at Earth. Moons of Jupiter, their auroral signatures and an aurora on Ganymede!In each case currents flow along the planetary magnetic field from distant space into the upper atmosphere.
8、 Electrons must be accelerated to carry the current. The accelerated electrons excite atmospheric neutrals that emit light to create the aurora.,The magnetic field is critical to the process that produces the aurora. The concept that the earths magnetic field resembles that of a uniformly magnetized
9、 sphere goes back to William Gilbert, Physician to Queen Elizabeth I of England.,1600,Halley (1716), ultimately the Astronomer Royal, found that aurora was too widespread to arise from volcanic activity! Noted that auroral intensity is greatest near magnetic (not geographic) pole and that auroral ra
10、ys align with field lines, but failed to propose a valid mechanism for the light emitted.,From E. Halley, An account of the late surprising appearance of lights seen in the air on the sixth of March last, with an attempt to explain the principal phenomena thereof. As it was laid before the Royal Soc
11、iety by Edmund Halley, J.V.D., Savilian Professor of Geometry, Oxon. and Reg. Soc. Secr, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 29, 406-429 (1716).,His diagram shows that he realized that earths magnetic field must extend into space.,But that is not enough. Even at earth, it took centuries to understand what dr
12、ives the aurora,Ideas, now known to be wrong, were plentiful: Gas was invoked in several ways: one idea: aurora is glowing gas thought to be linked to earthquakes. When the gas leaked out, it created aurora and concurrently reduced the intensity of earthquakes. Burning gas this idea goes back to the
13、 Greeks and keeps coming back. Volcanoes maybe? Reflection of light from ice crystals present in the polar atmosphere.,A link between magnetic fluctuations and the aurora,1733: Celsius (familiar from our temperature scale) published 316 observations of the aurora. 1741 April 5 with his assistant Hio
14、rter observed magnetic fluctuations in Uppsala. At the same time, George Graham recorded similar fluctuations in London. This demonstrated that the motion of the magnetic needles was not produced by local sources. At the same time, Hiorter observed an aurora. International collaboration has long bee
15、n central to advances in environmental sciences!,Sources of magnetic fluctuations,In 1820, Danish scientist Hans Christian Oersted discovered that an electric current produces an magnetic field. (Oersted, H. C., Experiments on the effect of a current of electricity on the magnetic needle, printed by
16、 C. Baldwin, London, 1820).(Dotted line below shows direction of magnetic field at points in space surrounding the current.)This discovery helps establish a link between magnetic fluctuations and the aurora. If currents produce magnetic fluctuations and if aurora are also present, maybe the currents produce the aurora.,Aurora appears in an “oval” around the magnetic pole,
