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1、Unit Four,Translation Unit and Discourse Analysis 翻译单位与语篇分析,Definition of translation unit:,Many translation theorists defined the unit of translation in their own ways. For instance, Vinay and Darbelnet define the unit of translation as “the smallest segment of an utterance whose cohesion of signs
2、is such that they must not be separately translated”. In other words, the translation unit is the minimal stretch of language that has to be translated together, as one unit. According to Peter Newmark, the argument about the length of the UT, which has been put succinctly by W. Haas, “as short as i
3、s possible, as long as is necessary”, is a concrete reflection of the age-old conflict between free and literal translation, the freer the translation, the longer the UT; the more literal the translation, the shorter the UT, the closer to the word, or, in poetry, even to the morpheme. Free translati
4、on has always favored the sentence; literal translation the word. Now, since the rise of text linguistics, free translation has moved from the sentence to the whole text.,Taking the sentence as UT,1）Prose of its very nature is longer than verse, and the virtues peculiar to it manifest themselves gra
5、dually. 散文就其本质而言，比韵文篇幅长，因而其特有的品质是逐渐表现出来的。 2）If the cardinal virtue of poetry is love, the cardinal virtue of prose is justice; and, whereas love makes you act and speak on the spur of the moment, justice needs inquiry, patience, and a control even of the noblest passions. 如果说诗歌的首要品质是爱，散文的首要品质是公正；爱使你
6、因一时冲动而采取行动，表达自己，但要做到公正则需要调查，需要耐心，需要控制激情，即使这种激情是最崇高的。,3）By justice here I do not mean justice only to particular people or ideas, but a habit of justice in all the processes of thought, a style tranquillized and a form moulded by that habit. 说起公正，我不是指针对具特殊人们或具体想法的公正，而是指在思想的全过程中的一种公正的习惯，一种由此习惯所形成的沉静的文
7、风和由此习惯所造就的形式。 4）Of the fruits of the year I give my vote to the orange. 一年四季的水果中，我最推崇柑橘。 5）Nature contains the elements, in color and form, of all pictures, as the keyboard contains the notes of all music. 就色彩和形状而论，大自然包含所有图画的成分，就像琴键包含所有音乐的音符一样。,翻译英语主从复合句必须注意以下要点： 分出句子层次；分别译出中文，根据汉语行文的时空关系和逻辑关系进行译文重组
8、。 1）I retired last year from my post at a university1in Tokyo, where I taught English literature and language. 2我曾在东京某大学教英语语言文学，2 去年刚辞职。1,2）He found the thought infinitely more enjoyable to focus on than the niggling fear 1 that had been troubling him 2 since his conversation with Fisher. （chronolog
9、ically）3那次与费希尔谈话以后，3 总有些琐琐碎碎的事儿一直困扰着他，使他有种莫名的担忧。2 如今集中精力做这种想法，比起那种杞人忧天来无疑要让人开心多了。（chronologically）1,3）A World Bank report released at the time of the conference, which ended on 10 November, insists that Vietnams overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external finan
10、cing.(1) A World Bank report insists（一份世界银行的报告坚持认为）（2）（A World Bank report was）released at the time of the conference（一份世界银行的报告是在这次会议上被披露出来的）（3）which ended on 10 November（这次会议在11月10日结束）(4) that Vietnams overall growth will depend more on its own policies than on the volume of external financing. (越南
11、经济的全面增长将更主要地取决于其本国的政策，而不是外来资金的数额)（3）（2）（1）（4）译文：在11月10日结束的巴黎会议上，披露了世界银行的一份报告。报告反复强调越南经济的全面增长将更主要地取决于其本国的政策，而不是外来资金的数额。,4）The idea of a fish being able to generate electricity strong enough to light small bulbs, even to run an electric motor, is almost unbelievable. (1) The idea of is almost unbeliev
12、able. (这种想法简直令人难以置信) (2) a fish being able to generate electricity (鱼能发电) (3) strong enough to light small bulbs (其强度足以点亮灯泡) (4) even to run an electric motor (其强度甚至足以开动马达) 根据“先事实，后结论”这种逻辑关系，译文顺序如下： （2）（3）（4）（1） 鱼能发电，电的强度足以点亮灯泡，甚至开动马达，这种想法简直令人难以置信。,以下两例说明逻辑和时间顺序的融合 5）(1) She kicked her shoes (2) and
13、 stepped into a pair of slippers (3) which were too big for her tiny feet; (4) without shoes (5) she lost some of her elegance (6) and height. 她踢脱鞋子，踏进一双拖鞋。可对她那双纤纤细脚来说，拖鞋显得太大了。换了鞋之后，她便失去了几分韵味，个子也矮了些。,6）(1) I believe (2) I speak for every sincere and serious representative in the United Nations(3) so
14、 I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened this morning(4) when I say that (5) the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past, (6) matched by an equally determined will to do better in the future, (7) so that we can escape
15、from frustration (8) and turn the anniversary into an inspiration and an achievement. (1) 我相信 (2) 我是代表联合国每一位真诚而严肃的代表讲话的 (3) 因此，今天上午我们已经听到各位的发言也鼓舞着我相信 (4) 当我说这番话时， (5) 这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实地评介过去我们失败的大好时机 (6) 同时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要做好今后工作的时机 (7) 这样我们就可免遭挫折 (8) 并可把这次周年纪念变成一种鼓舞和成就,按照时间和逻辑顺序我们可以对上述进行重组：（5）（6）（7）（8
16、）（4）（1）（3）（2） (5) 这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实地评介过去我们失败的大好时机，(6) 同时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要做好今后工作的时机，(7) 这样我们就可免遭挫折，(8) 并可把这次周年纪念变成一种鼓舞和成就。(4) 当我说这番话时，(1) 我相信(3) 今天上午我们已经听到各位的发言也鼓舞着我相信，(2) 我是代表联合国每一位真诚而严肃的代表讲话的。,Discourse Analysis,Cohesion and Coherence 3.1 CohesionLexical cohesion and structural cohesion 词汇衔接指语篇中前后词语之间的语义联系，是语言语境的重要组成部分。这就是说，英语的句群内，甚至相隔较远的语篇内，有时会产生重复关系、同义关系、上下义关系、部分与整体的关系等，构成词语之间的衔接机制。在这种情况下，译者就要仔细研读原文，善于捕捉这些起衔接作用的词语，从而对原文作出正确的解读。例如：,
