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1、Phonetics,Definition,study of speech sounds study the physical properties of sound making /r/-varieties: two different sounds: r is produced as a trill of the tip of the tongueagainst the alveolar ridge R on the other hand is produced as a trill ofthe uvula in the back of the mouth,What is done in p
2、honetics?,Describe vowel sounds and their formant frequencies Define what is meant by diphthongs and semivowels Identify the factors that distinguish consonants: Place of articulation Manner of articulation Voicing Identify phonemes from phones Describe how the sound of a phoneme changes according t
3、o context,Issues to be discussed,Speech production and perception Speech organs The International Phonetic Alphabet Consonants Vowels Co-articulation and phonetic transcription Sociolinguistic issues: variation Sound systems change over time,Speech production and perception,Branches of phonetics,Art
4、iculatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.,Speech organs,The process of producing a sound Producer of voice The v
5、ocal tract,The organs of speech,Vocal cords,vocal cords,glottis,Vocal cords closed,The International phonetic Alphabet (IPA),Segments and divergences The IPA Standard transcription system,Segments and divergences,g h o t i,/ f I /,enough,women,nation,When we produce the word “fish” slowly, we can pe
6、rceive the different segments (音段) in this word, /f/, /i/ and /. The reason for the divergence is that there are more sounds in English than the letters can represent. For this reason, we have to turn to phonetic transcription to make sure of the correct pronunciation of a word.,The IPA,In 1886, the
7、 Phonetic Teachers Association was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their methods. It was changed to its present title of the International Phonetic Association (IPA) in 1897.,One of
8、the first activities of the Association was to produce a journal in which the contents were printed entirely in phonetic transcription. The idea of establishing a phonetic alphabet was first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jespersen (1860-1943) in 1886, and the first version o
9、f the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) was published in August 1888.,Its main principles were that there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of a
10、s many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary. These principles continue to be followed today.,CONSONANTS(PULMONIC) (肺闭塞音),CONSONANTS(NON-PULMONIC) (非肺闭塞音),Other symbols,Diacritics (变音符),phoneme,p and pH are examples of the /p/ phoneme. A
11、phoneme is a range of sounds that: are felt to be equivalent by speakers are interchangeable as far as word meaning go: b and pH cant be the same phoneme because “bit” “pit”,concept of alternation,Japan and Japanesethe ending ese the two a vowels of Japan are different; the first is like the aof abo
12、ut whereas the second is like the a of pan.,Suprasegmentals (超音段),Tones and word accents,3.4.1 Consonants and vowels,consonants: obstruction of air-stream in the process of production vowels: no such obstruction formed semi-vowels: /h/, /w/, /j/, viewed as consonants today,In the description of Engl
13、ish consonants, we try to describe two things: 1) the different parts of vocal organs involved in the production of an obstruction, which are called places of articulation (发音部位); 2) the actual relationship between the different parts of vocal organs and the way in which the air passes through the v
14、ocal tract, which are called manners of articulation (发音方式).,Manners of articulation,Manners of articulation refers to the way in which articulation can be accomplished. The articulators may close off the oral tract narrow the space considerably modify the shape of the tract,Stop 塞音 p, b, t, d, k, g
15、 Nasal 鼻音 m, n, ,Fricative 摩擦音 f, v, , , s, z, , , h Approximant 无摩擦延续音 w, , j Lateral 边音 l Trill 颤音 alveolar trills 大舌音 uvula trills 小舌音 Tap / flap 闪音 t in city s and letter le Affricate 塞擦音 “ch” of church ，j” of jet,Places of articulation,Places of articulation refers to the different parts of spe
16、ech organs that are involved in producing an obstruction. In English, 11 places of articulation are distinguished.,Bilabial双唇音 p, b, m (w) Labiodental 唇齿音 f, v Dental 齿间音 , Alveolar 齿龈音 t, d, n, s, z, , l Postalveolar 后齿龈音 , , , Retroflex 卷舌音 r in AmE, zh, ch, sh, r in Chinese Palatal 硬腭音 j Velar 软腭音 k, g, Uvular 小舌音 French r Pharyngeal 喉音 Arabic , Glottal 声门音 h, ,
