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1、免费版新编英汉翻译教程 Lecture 3 A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Languages,参考文献： 连淑能:英汉对比研究Z北京：高等教育出版社，1993 连淑能:英译汉教程Z北京：高等教育出版社，2006 潘文国：汉英语对比纲要Z北京：北京语言文化大学出版社，1997 刘宓庆：新编汉英对比与翻译M北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2006,冯庆华：实用翻译教程Z上海外语教育出版社，2000 陆国强：英汉和汉英语义结构对比M上海：复旦大学出版社，1999 王福祥：对比语言学论文集C北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1992 周志培：英汉对比与翻译
2、中的转换M上海：华东理工大学出版社，2003,I. Lexical Comparison of Chinese and English,1、Comparison of script(文字对比)： English (alphabetic script)（只有词） Chinese （ideographic-oriented syllabic script）: （有字又有词） 象形字（pictograph），指事字（indicative character），会意字（associative character），形声字（morpheme-phonetic character）,2、Compariso
3、n of pronunciation Chinese ( tonal language) English (intonation language) 3、Comparison of word formation,4、Difference of morphology English 有屈折变化（inflections）：性、数、格、时、体、态、语气、人称、比较级等； Chinese 没有形态变化，但有量词（动量词）、语气词、形态助词；,从整个语言特征对比 1、综合语与分析语（synthetic vs. analytic） 2、集聚与流散（compact vs. diffusive） 3、形合与意
4、合（hypotactic vs. paratactic） 4、繁复与简洁（complex vs. simplex） 5、物称与人称（impersonal vs. personal） 6、被动与主动（passive vs. active） 7、静态与动态（stative vs. dynamic） 8、抽象与具体（abstract vs. concrete） 9、间接与直接（indirect vs. direct） 10、替换与重复（substitutive vs. reiterative）,English vs. Chinese: Ten Pairs of Features,(一) Synthe
5、tic vs. Analytic,1.Introduction Synthetic LanguageA synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”.e.g Old English, Latin, German,2) Analytic LanguageAn analytic language is “characterized by relatively frequent use of fun
6、ction words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relationships,rather than of inflected forms”.e.g Chinese,3) Modern English?现代英语是从古英语发展而来的,仍然保留着综合语的某些特征,但也具有分析语的特点。现代英语运用遗留下来的形态变化形式、相对固定的词序及丰富的虚词来表达语法关系，因此属于综合-分析语（Synthetic analytic Language),2.表达语法意义的三大手段,形态变化(inflectio
7、n) 词序(word order) 虚词(function word)英汉表达方式的差异与这些因素有着密切关系。,1)Inflectional vs. Non-inflectional,In English, nouns, pronouns, and verbs are inflected（the endings -er, -est, denoting degrees of comparison, are better regarded as non-inflectional suffixes）. Such grammatical meanings as parts of speech, ge
8、nder, number, case, person, tense, aspect, voice, mood, and non-finite verbs, can be expressed by the use of inflected forms with or without the help of function words and word order,whereas in Chinese this is generally not true: the above grammatical meanings are mostly implied in contexts or betwe
9、en the lines, though often with the help of word order and function（or other）words, e.g.,1) Inflectional vs. Non-inflectional,汉语没有词形变化，就难以用这么多的句式来表达同样的意思。 构形形态 即表达语法意义的词形变化。如： 我给他一本书。I gave him a book. 他已给我两本书。He has given me two books. 他爸爸常常给他一些书。His father often gives him books.严格说来，汉语没有形态变化，一般要通过
10、添加词语、安排词序、上下文来表达语法意义。,安排词序&上下文,The book is said to have been translated into many languages.据说此书已译成多种语言。Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year.（由于）受到了这样的威胁，他们为第二年制定了一个更大胆的计划。,2) Word Order: Flexible vs. Inflexible,The inflection of a language has much to do with the positio
11、n of words in the sentence. The less inflective a language, the more rigid the word order. Hence word order in English is not so rigid as in Chinese. More ways of inversion, grammatical or rhetorical, are often seen in English（Fowler 1965: 297）:,英语的词序倒置英汉句子的主要成分如主语、谓语动词、宾语或表语的词序基本上相同，排列顺序都是： 主-动-宾（表
12、） 但与汉语相比，英语词序位置的现象比较多。 H.Fowler将英语词序的倒装现象归为九类：1.Interrogative inversion What in the world do you mean? 你的意思究竟是什么呀？,2.Imperative inversion Come you, everybody! 大家都来吧! 3.Exclamatory inversion What a beautiful voice you have! 你有多么好的嗓音啊! 4.Link inversion Such are the rewards that always crown virtue. 这样
13、的报酬常常是美德所应得到的。,5.Hypothetical inversion A pair of black eyes might have done some execution had they been placed in a smoother face. 一对乌溜溜的眼睛如果长在再细净些的面庞上,就足以迷人的了。6.Negative inversion Not a finger did I lay on him. 我从没有指责过他。,7.Balance inversionInexpressible was the astonishment of the little party wh
14、en they returned to find that Mr. Pickwick had disappeared. 当这一伙人回来发现皮克威先生不见了的时候，那惊愕之态简直无法形容。 8.Signpost inversionBy negation is meant the denial or absence of facts. 否定是指否认事实或不存在事实。,9.Matrical inversion Good friend for Jesus sake, forebear To dig the dust enclosed here, Blessed be he that spares th
15、ese stones And curst be he that moves my bones. 好朋友呀，看耶稣的份上，请你住手 别来挖掘这块土丘。 那肯保存这几块石头的，但愿他添福添寿， 那要来打扰我的骸骨的，但愿他挨骂挨咒。（莎士比亚自撰墓志铭）,The flexible word order in English is mainly the result of the grammatical concord of words in the sentence which is achieved by inflection, When expressing temporal or logic
16、al sequences, English may make full use of inflections and function words to make its word order flexible, while Chinese, with the help of function words, arranges its word order according to certain rules of temporal or logical sequences:,2) Word order: Flexible vs. Inflexible,汉语的定语一般在名词的前面，而英语的定语在
17、许多情况下可以通过形态变化或借助连接词语置于名词的前后，位置比较灵活。 英汉的定语一般都紧挨着名词，但英语的定语有时可以远离名词，借助语法关系前后一致的原则，中间插入一些别的词语。 翻译英语定语时，必须根据原文的意思和汉语的习惯灵活处理。,Attributive modifiers Examples: 1) something important 重要的事 2) the ancient Chinese poet中国古代诗人 3) a little, yellow, ragged, lame, unshaven beggar一个身材瘦小的叫化子，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛，胡子拉渣的，还瘸着腿 4) a candidate with little chance of success 一个当选希望极微的候选人,
