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1、专转本词汇结构专题讲座,语法题难点突破 1-虚拟语气,（强调说话人的主观愿望和假想情况。） 着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如lest，in case，otherwise等)； 一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语，由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望，其后的主语从句、宾语从句。 同位语从句往往采用“(should)+动词原形”； 虚拟倒装句； 在would rather，wish，as if，its time that等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望： 混合虚拟句。,英文句子中谓语动词的语气,A）直陈语气（The Indicative Mood）直陈语气用于直截了当地陈述事
2、实、描述状态： He has published quite a number of essays this year .他今年已发表了好几篇论文。B) 祁使语气（The Imperative Mood） 祁使语气用于提出请求、命令、建议或是劝告等： Wait outside until you are asked . 请在外面等候，请你进再进去。 Lets just take a break, shall we ? 我们休息一会儿，好吗？,C) 虚拟语气（The Subjunctive Mood） 虚拟语气用于表示主观愿望和假设的虚拟情况。虚拟语气不太顾及事实的存在，它表现出说话人的主观因素
3、比较多。所以说话人所讲的内容往往是与事实相反的；或是其实现的可能性微乎其微，甚至于没有实现的可能性。当然，有时为了使说话的语气客气、缓和、委婉，也使用虚拟语气。例如： I wish you were more careful .但愿你更细心一些。 If I had more money, I would buy a bigger apartment. 我要是有再多一点钱，我就买一套更大一些房子。 Would you mind shutting the door ? 劳驾您把门关上。,用于非真实条件句中的虚拟语气,条件句分为两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句。 与现在事实相违背 If I had t
4、ime, I would certainly join you in the tennis match. （事实是：我没有时间）我要是有时间肯定和你一起打这场网球比赛。 If I were you, I would put her suggestion into account.（事实是：我并不是你）我要是你，我会考虑她的建议的。,与过去事实相违背,If I hadnt been caught by something, I would have come to your party yesterday.(事实是：我昨天被某些事缠住了) 我昨天要不是被些事缠住了，我就会去参加你们的聚会了。 I
5、f he had taken my advice, he might not have made such a bad mistake. （事实是：他没有听我的建议）要是他听进了我的劝告就不会犯这么严重的错误了。,与未来事实相违背 If I should have a chance to try it, I would do it in another way. （假设的情况不大可能发生）要是我有机会试一试，我会用另一种方法做的。 Even if they were to fail, they wouldnt lose courage. （说话人不希望假设的情况发生）即使他们万一失败，他们也不
6、会泄气。,“三个代表”,省略If的几种情况,1）当条件状语从句的谓语部分含有had、should、或were时，就将这样的词had、should、或were搬到句首把句子写成倒装句而将连词if省略。例如： If you were the manager here, what would you do? Were you the manager here, what would you do? 你若是这里的经理，你会怎么办？If he should act like that again, he would be fired immediately. Should he act like tha
7、t again, he would be fired immediately. 要是他再那样做，他会被立即解雇的。,2) 由某些介词短语取代了if引导的条件状语从句。例如： Without air, there would be no life on the earth. 要是没有空气，地球上就不会有生命了。 But for your help, the little boy would have been drowned. 要是没有你们的帮助，那个小男孩早就淹死了。 We could have done the work better in that case. 要是那样的话，我们本可以把工
8、作干得更好一些的。,3) 由上下文的交代而省略了if引导的条件状语从句。在这种情况下，上下文事实上就是一个表示违背事实的条件句。上下文如果是由一个句子介绍的，那么这个取代了if条件状语从句的句子应该用直陈语气；而起主句作用的句子则要用虚拟语气。例如： He would have come to see you earlier but he just came back from his business trip .（本句中的上下文是：but he just came back from his business trip，表示：要是他在家没出差的话）他本来早就来看你了，可他却出差刚刚回来。
9、But that you helped me, I would have failed in the experiment. （本句中的上下文是：But that you helped me，表示：要不是有你帮助我）要没有你帮助我，我的试验本做不成功的。,特殊用法,1）在主语从句中 在It + be +形容词/ 名词 + that从句的结构中，由于某些形容词/ 名词的原因，that从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式“should + 动词原形“或是“动词原形“。 这类形容词/ 名词常见的有：essential（绝对必要的）, important（重要的）, advisable（明智的）, desira
10、ble（希望能够的）, imperative（必须的）, natural（自然的）, necessary必要的）, regretful（遗憾的）, strange（奇怪的）, proper（适当的）, urgent（紧急的）, duty（义务、责任）, a pity（遗憾）, no wonder（难怪）, a regret（遗憾）,例如： It is strange that he ( should ) say so .他居然会这样说，真是奇怪。 It is a great pity that you ( should ) think so . 他居然会这样想，真是一件憾事。 It is na
11、tural that a bird ( should ) rest in trees . 鸟在树上安歇是很自然的。 It is necessary that he be sent to Beijing right away. 有必要立即派他去北京。,另外，下列结构中主语从句的谓语动词也要求用虚拟语气： It is ordered that (根据命令、要求) , It is proposed that (人们建议) It is desired that (最好、需要) , It is requested that (人们要求) It is suggested that (有人建议) , It
12、is recommended that (有人推荐) It is demanded that (根据要求) , It is decided that (已经决定) It is arranged that (已经安排) 等等。,2)在宾语从句中 某些动词后面，宾语从句的谓语要求用虚拟式。宾语从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟式“should + 动词原形”或是“动词原形”。这类要求宾语从句的谓语用虚拟式的动词，常见的有： command（命令）, demand（要求）, desire（希望）, insist（坚持）, order（命令）, propose（提议）, recommend（推荐）, reque
13、st（要求）, require（要求）, suggest（建议），等。,例如： He proposed that we ( should ) set a dead line for the complement of the plan . 他提议拟定一个执行计划的期限。 They requested that we ( should ) send a delegation to their country. 他们请求我们派一个代表团到他们国家去。 I suggested that he ( should ) set off for our headquarters straightaway .
14、 我建议他马上动身去我们的总部。,wish和would rather / sooner that ,谓语动词的形式和对应用法如下表所述： 谓语动词的形式用法 过去式-表示当时未能实现的愿望、意愿 过去完成式-表示过去未能实现的愿望、意愿 过去未来式-表示未来不大可能实现的愿望,意愿,（注意下列例句：wish自身的时态并不影响从句谓语动词的形式。） I wish that I knew something about programming. 我希望我懂一点程序设计就好了。 They wish that they hadnt said it to us. 他们希望他们没有对我们说过那件事。 Th
15、ey wished that they hadnt said it to us. 他们当时希望他们没有对我们说过那件事。,I wish that you would get younger and younger .但愿你越来越年轻。The manager would rather that his secretary went to the meeting instead of him .经理宁愿他的秘书代替他去开会。 He would sooner that he hadnt been born until ten years ago .他宁愿他十年以前才出身。,3) 在表语从句和同位语从
16、句中 下面这些名词的后面所接的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟式“should + 动词原形”或是直接用“动词原形” ： idea（想法）, suggestion（建议）, motion（动议）, proposal（提议）, order（命令）, recommendation（推荐），advice (建议) , instruction (指示、指令)等等。,例如： The instruction was that nobody be allowed to go to sleep until further orders.（表语从句）指示要求，任何人不得在接到进一步的命令之前去睡觉。 My suggestion is that he leave for London at once . （表语从句）我的建议是他立即动身去伦敦。 What do you think of his proposal that we ( should )put on a play at the English evening? （同位语从句）他建议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧,你觉得怎么样？,
