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1、III、非谓语动词,非谓语动词在句中不可单独作谓语，不受主语的人称和数的影响，但是可用作其他句子成分。非谓语动词有三种，即不定式，动名词和分词。,不定式和动名词的区别：,不定式和动名词都可作主语,表语和宾 语，有时二者可互换。但按照传统语法，二者的区别表现为：,动名词表示：笼统、泛指的意思 / 抽象或 经常性的动作 / 已成为过去或经验之谈 不定式表示：一时性的具体的或特定的动 作 / 现在或将来的动作,资料：例子 补充 :A postman duty is delivering mails. Your task this morning is to deliver the papers to
2、 Professor Smith.,二、非谓语动词的句型,(1) It takes sb. + some time + to do = sb. spend some time (in) doing It took me three hours to finish my assignment. I spend three hours ( in) finishing my assignment.,(2) It is + adj. + for sb. + to do,不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语，通常有两种形式： for sb. + to do / of sb. + to do It is very
3、difficult for us to finish the task .,(3) It is + adj. + of sb. + to do,(常用的形容词有：kind, nice, considerate, thoughtful, stupid, wise, brave，good, careful, polite, rude, clever等.)表示人物性格，特征等形容词之后，常用of 引出不定式的在逻辑主语,It was very nice of you to think so much of us. 练习题52 （4），（5）看资料,(6) have difficulty (troub
4、le, fun, a hard time, a good time) + (in) + doing sth. I have some difficulty in learning English grammar. 练习：72题,(7)go + doing,表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动 如:go + jogging(慢跑) /fishing / dancing/ skating / bowling(打保龄球)/ shopping / sightseeing / camping / surfing (冲浪),(8) be busy + doing = be busy with sth. 忙着做 sb
5、. spend time (money, energy) in doing sth.,三、V1 + V2 的模式( 这个部分的词汇及其用法需要牢记) 1. V1 + V2 (to do) （跟不定式作宾语） 资料,I want to go traveling this summer vacation.,Im not going to ask the teacher why he gave me that grade. I intend to let the matter rest. He likes traveling / to travel alone. 练习： 49题，91题,2. V1
6、+ 2 (V doing)：资料 I avoid meeting her because she is too talkative.,I dont mind your delaying making the decision as long as it is not too late.(真题1/ 17) 练习：32题，真题3/ 23,3. V1 + V2 (介词 + doing),(有些动词短语也要求动名词作宾语，常见的有：) persist in/ insist on ;feel like 想， give up ; put off ; look forward to cant help 忍不
7、住 ; cant stand 等 练习： 83题,4. V1 + V2 (to do 或 doing), 但语义不同 资料 练习： 24题，84题, 真题 4/ 20, 真题4 / 25,5. V1 + sb. / sth. + V2 (do / doing / done) (V1为感官动词) * 资料 练习 14题, 真题2/ 22,四、非谓语作定语,1.不定式作定语 资料 2.分词作定语，（表语，宾补等） (1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意.,The weather this summer is disappointing. We are disappointed at
8、his performance.,(2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态,或做完(完成)的事. （资料例句）,练习56， 57， 80题 （过去分词作宾补，表示宾语是逻辑上的承受者，构成逻辑上的动宾关系）,3. 不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系 资料 练习75题,五、非谓语动词作状语 1. 不定式作结果状语 资料 2.分词作状语 资料,3.分词作状语与主语的关系 资料 练习题练习题88，100,4.分词作状语时前面可用连词 资料 5.动词不定式和分词作状语的区别 资料,6.独立结构,1) 结构：(with) + n./pronoun. + doing(done, adj., prep. p
9、hrase) 资料 2) 结构： S1 , S2 . (S1和S2的主语不一致) 练习77题,1非谓语的完成式：V1 + V2 (V2 的动作发生在V1的动作之前) 资料 2.不定式的进行式 （When mother came in, the child pretended to be sleeping.）练习17题,3非谓语动词的语态 资料,七、非谓语动词常考的其它结构 1.疑问词 + 不定式结构 资料 2.不带to的不定式,(1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to. find, feel, notice, hear, observe, listen to, perceive(察觉),s
10、ee, look at, overhear, watch, notice,(2)使役动词make,1et,have. 如: Let him do it. / I would have you know that I am ill. 真题3/ 17 资料其它,从句的重点,名词性从句,名词性从句在句中起名词,名词词组所起的作用，可用作句子的主语，表语，宾语，和介词宾语等，按其句法功能可分为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句等。,引导名词性从句的有连接词 that, whether和if,关系代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whicheve
11、r, whoever 以及关系副词 when, where和 how。,1.主语从句 1) that 引导的主语从句,That the match will be cancelled is now certain.(that引导主语从句时不能省略) That既可放在句首，也可放在句后。但为保持句子平衡，常用it作形式主语，真正主语在句后。,用it作形式主语已经形成一些固定用法，如,It is a fact that /It is a pity that It is certain that / It is natural that It is said that / It is reporte
12、d that It seems that / It follows that （由此可见）,2) wh- 词引导的主语从句,What I have told you (All that I have told you) is convincing. When he will come is not clear.,That 与 wh- 词引导主语从句的 区别：,That只起引导作用，在句中不作任何成分；wh-词既起引导作用，又在从句中作一定成分。,3） whether与if 引导主语从句的 区别： Whether we will go depends on the weather. 如在句首，只
13、能用whether.,It is not important if / whether you win or lose. What is important is how you play the game.,2. 宾语从句 1） that 引导的宾语从句（that常可省略）,我们相信他是诚实的 We believe ( that) he is honest. He told me that the road was closed. She suggested that he (should) do it at once( 虚拟）,2) 如果宾语从句后跟有补语，常用it作形式宾语，而将从句放在
14、宾补之后。,We consider it necessary that the instrument should be adjusted each time it is used.,3) wh- 词引导的宾语从句,She asked me where the post office was. You cant imagine what awful weather we did have. * wh-词既起引导作用，又在宾语从句中作一定成分 Wh- 宾语从句不能用倒装语序。,介词后可跟宾语从句,4. No one was aware of where she had gone. He has
15、not change at all except that he is no longer so talkative.,1. He asked me if / weather my brother was at home.,2. It is a question of weather we should go. 介词后的宾语从句只能用weather.,3. 表语从句 What surprised me was that he couldnt speak English. That is why he was late for an hour.,表语从句中值得注意的两个问题：,His first
16、 question was _ Tom had arrived yet. A) if B) whether Whether 可用来引导表语从句，if 不能。,The reason I didnt go to school that day was _ . A)that I fell ill B) because I fell ill 当主句的主语是reason时，后面所接的表语从句要用that, 不能用because.,4. 同位语从句,在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句一般用连接词that引导，常放在fact, news, idea, truth, hope, problem, information, promise, answer, evidence, report, explanation, suggestion等抽象名词后面，。,说明该名词的具体内容。换言之，同位语从句和所修饰的名词在内容上为同一关系，对其内容作进一步说明.,
