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1、Unit 13 Speech at the Graveside of Karl MarxOn the 14th of March. at a quarter to three in the afternoon, the greatest living thinker ceased to think. He had been left alone for scarcely two minutes, and when we came back we found him in his armchair, peacefully gone to sleepbut forever. An immeasur
2、able loss has been sustained both by the militant proletariat of Europe and America, and by historical science, in the death of this man. The gap that has been left by the departure of this mighty spirit will soon enough make itself felt.Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of organic na
3、ture, so Marx discovered the law of development of human history, the simple fact, hitherto concealed by an overgrowth of ideology, that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc；that, therefore, the production of the
4、immediate material means of subsistence and consequently the degree of economic development attained by a given people or during a given epoch form the foundation upon which the state institutions, the legal conceptions, art, and even the ideas on religion, of the people concerned have been evolved,
5、 and in the light of which they must, therefore, be explained, instead of vice versa, as had hitherto been the case.But that is not all. Mark also discovered the special law of motion governing the present day capitalist mode of production and the bourgeois society that this mode of production has c
6、reated. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and socialist critics, had been groping in the dark.Two such discoveries would be enough for one lifetime. Happy is the man to whom it is gra
7、nted to make even one such discovery. But in every single field which Mark investigatedand he investigated very many fields, none of them superficiallyin every field, even in that of mathematics, he made independent discoveries.Such was the man of science. But this was not even half the man. Science
8、 was for Marx a historically dynamic, revolutionary force. However great the joy with which he welcomed a new discovery in some theoretical science whose practical application perhaps it was as yet quite impossible to envisage, he experienced quite another kind of joy when the discovery involved imm
9、ediate revolutionary changes in industry, and in historical development in general. For example, he followed closely the development of the discoveries made in the field of electricity and recently those of Marcel Deprez.For Marx was before all else a revolutionist. His real mission in life was to c
10、ontribute in one way or another, to the overthrow of capitalist society and of the state institutions which it had brought into being, to contribute to the liberation of the modern proletariat, which he was the first to make conscious of its own position and its needs, conscious of the conditions of
11、 its emancipation. Fighting was his element. And he fought with a passion, a tenacity and a success such as few could rival. His work on the first Rheinische Zeitung（1842）, the Paris Vorwart（1844） ，the Deutsche Brusseter Zeitung （1847） ，the Neue Rheinische Zeitung(18481849), the New York Tribune (18
12、521861), and in addition to these a host of military pamphlets, work in organizations in Paris, Brussels and London, and finally, crowning all, the formation of the great lnternational Working Mens Associationthis was indeed an achievement of which its founder might well have been proud even if he h
13、ad done nothing else.And, consequently, Mark was the best hated and most calumniated man of his time. Governments of both absolutists and republicans, deported him from their territories. Bourgeois, whether conservative or ultrademocratic, vied with one another in heaping slanders upon him. All this
14、 he brushed aside as though it were cobweb, ignoring it, answering only when extreme necessity compelled him. And he died beloved, revered and mourned by millions of revolutionary fellow workersfrom the mines of Siberia to California, in all parts of Europe and Americaand I make bold to say that tho
15、ugh he may have had many opponents he had hardly one personal enemy.His name will endure through the ages, and so also will his work!在马克思墓前的讲话在马克思墓前的讲话3 月 14 日下午两点三刻，当代最伟大的思想家停止思想了。让他一个人留在房里还不到两分钟，等我们再进去的时候，便发现他在安乐椅上安静地睡着了但已经是永远地睡着了。这个人的逝世，对于欧美战斗着的无产阶级，对于历史科学，都是不可估量的损失。这位巨人逝世以后所形成的空白，不久就会使人感觉到。正像达尔文
16、发现有机界的发展规律一样，马克思发现了人类历史的发展规律，即历来为纷繁芜杂的意识形态所掩盖着的一个简单事实：人们首先必须吃、喝、住、穿，然后才能从事政治、科学、艺术、宗教等等；所以，直接的物质的生活资料的生产，从而一个民族或一个时代的一定的经济发展阶段，便构成基础，人们的国家制度、法的观点、艺术以至宗教观念，就是从这个基础上发展起来的，因而，也必须由这个基础来解释，而不是像过去那样做得相反。不仅如此。马克思还发现了现代资本主义生产方式和它所产生的资产阶级社会的特殊的运动规律。由于剩余价值的发现，这里就豁然开朗了，而先前无论资产阶级经济学家或者社会主义批评家所做的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸索。一生中能有这样两个发现，该是很够了。即使只能做出一个这样的发现，也已经是幸福的了。但是马克思在他所研究的每一个领域，甚至在数学领域都有独到的发现，这样的领域是很多的，而且其中任何一个领域他都不是肤浅地研究的。他作为科学家就是这样。但是这在他身上远不是主要的。在马克思看来，科学是一种在历史上起推动作用的、革命的力量。任何一门理论科学中的每一个新 发现它的实际应用也许还根本无法预
