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1、Lecture Three,Contrast of Lexical Meaning between English and Chinese, and Diction (Choice of Words) 英汉词义对比与英译汉,Caesar was right. Thin people need watching. Ive been watching them for most of my adult life, and I dont like what I see. When these narrow fellows spring at me, I quiver to my toes. Thin
2、 people come in all personalities, most of them menacing. Youve got your “together” thin person, your mechanical thin person, your condescending thin person, your tsk-tsk thin person, your efficiency-expert thin person. All of them are dangerous. 恺撒大帝说的一点不错。瘦人的确需要好好得观察。我成年后的大半辈子都在仔细得观察着他们，结果是，我实在不怎么
3、喜欢我所看到的。当这些瘦瘦的家伙蹦跳着朝我过来，我便浑身颤栗。这些人儿性格各异，大多为阴险狡诈之徒。你会遇见诸如精明的瘦人，呆板机械的瘦人，谦逊的瘦人，啧啧挑剔的瘦人亦或是效率专家般的瘦人。不过，这些瘦人都是危险人物。,Caesar was right. Thin people need watching. Ive been watching them for most of my adult life, and I dont like what I see. When these narrow fellows spring at me, I quiver to my toes. Thin p
4、eople come in all personalities, most of them menacing. Youve got your “together” thin person, your mechanical thin person, your condescending thin person, your tsk-tsk thin person, your efficiency-expert thin person. All of them are dangerous. 正如凯撒所说，对于虚情假意的人，我们需要付出更多的观察。在过去的日子里我一直在关注他们，但是我并不喜欢我所看到
5、的 一切。当那些狭隘的家伙接近我，我甚至连脚趾都在颤抖。虚情假意的人拥有很多的性格特点，但相当大的一部分都是具有威胁性的。那些如机械般的、优越感极强的、精明的和最有效率的家伙其实都在你的周围，而且他们都是危险的。,I. Contrast in Vocabulary,1. Contrast in Meaning（词义对比） A. reflective（反映式）Reflecting the ideas of both materials and non-materials.Examples: Articles;foods; clothing;mountains and rivers,and geo
6、graphy,social morality; psychology; ethics, etc.,B. refractive（折射式）indirect reflection of objectse.g. bird C. integrative（整合式）combination of the meaning of two words. E.g. flexitime” （弹性工作制，始于英国） 铁饭碗 （a secured job）,Degrees of Equivalence in Word Meaning,a. equivalence（对应关系） Mainly including proper
7、nouns, terminology and some names or titles in daily life. Examples: The U.S. State Department 美国国务院 Computational linguistics 计算语言学 The Pacific Ocean 太平洋 Tuberculosis 肺结核,helicopter 直升飞机 manliness 男子气 incense coil 盘香 aside 旁白,b. inclusion（涵盖关系）,Mainly including those words whose meanings have exten
8、sive and narrow separations. Examples: marriage 嫁、娶 gun 枪、炮 sister 姐、妹 morning 早晨、上午,c. intersection （交替式）,Mainly including those words with several meanings, therefore their meaning should be determined by the contexts. short1) Liu Hu-lans life was short but brilliant.2) The shells fell short.3) Sh
9、e said she had a short memory.4) Indeed he has a short temper.5) He complained that the notice was short.,d. replacement（替代关系）,Example: 妻舅 Literal meaning: wifes uncle， Factual meaning: wifes brother or brother-in-law。,e. exclusion（冲突关系）,You can not find the signifier in the target language from the
10、 signified in the source language. Mainly including fresh or newly appeared proper nouns, terminology and those to reflect English and American social customs and manners, etc. Examples: “大舅”、“老四”、“三爷”,Mascon (mass concentration) （表示月球表层下高密度的）物质聚积 Beddo （一种多用途的）床 Overkill（核弹超过军事目的的）过度杀伤力 Plumber （形成
11、与“五角大楼文件”泄露事件后白宫设立的专门特工机构。现常用来指特工。）,2. Diction (Choice of Words),Choice of Meaning in Comprehension and Choice of Words in Representation,I. According to class of words,1.Old Li likes a television more than a camera. 电视机和照相机两者当中老李更喜欢电视机。 2. Like father, like son. 有其夫，必有其子。 3. Like knows like. 英雄识英雄。
12、,1.Bobby and I are like brothers and sisters. 鲍比和我亲如兄妹。 2. He doesnt speak English like I speak it. 他说英语和我说英语不一样。,Classroom Translation Practice (1),1. a round post 一根圆柱 2. The wheels go round rapidly. 车轮飞转。 3.The night watchman makes his rounds every hour. 夜班人员每小时巡视一次。,1. The students stood round t
13、he teacher. 学生围站在老师的周围。 2. We rounded the Cape of Good Hope. 我们饶过了好望角。,II. According to context and collocation,1.It was a girl with good manners. 这是一位举止得体的姑娘。 2.These were all labeled as good eggs. 这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。 3.Dogs are often regarded as mans good friends. 狗经常被认为是人类的忠实朋友。,4.He was told, when comp
14、laining that he could not follow Nassers moves, that Nasser was a good chess player. 有一次，当他抱怨纳赛尔棋步难以捉摸时，有人对他说，纳赛尔是个高明的棋手。 5. The Captain of the jet came back, saluted and, in very good English, said to the President, “To Cairo, Sir“.喷汽式飞机机长回来，敬了个礼，并用漂亮的英语对总统说，“先生，去开罗。”,6. Autumn was already in the a
15、ir on the late afternoon when she decided to fish near the island.The good little pram purred across the water, and I settled on the rock to keep my secret watch, knowing that it was simply a matter of days before Id have to call Popa.傍晚时分，天空中已显出几分秋意。她决定到小岛附近去钓鱼。可爱的小平底船轧轧地划过湖面。我靠在那块岩石上继续悄悄观望，心理晓得过不了
16、几天便不能不打电话 给爸爸了。,7. .I teach because I like to ask questions that students must struggle to answer. The world isfull of right answers to bad questions. While teaching, I sometimes find good questions.我教书是因为我喜欢问一些学生必须绞尽脑汁才能回答的问题。这个世界上有的是对付拙劣问题的答案。在教书过程中，我有时也能找到出色的问题。,8. .The elder went on to tell Nunez how time had been divided into the warm and the cold, andhow it was good to sleep in the warm and work during the cold.那些长辈们继续向努涅斯说明他们是如何把时间划分为温暖和寒冷两部分，温暖的时间适宜于睡觉，寒冷的时间适宜于工作。,
