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1、低血压、严重脓毒症、脓毒性休克,急诊处置临床路径,低血压急诊处置路径,（一）适用对象,第一诊断为低血压,（二）诊断依据,有引起血压下降的原发病：,血容量不足（出血、严重呕吐、腹泻）、感染、创伤、疼 痛、过敏、心源性、中毒、降压药物过量、低血糖反应、 肺栓塞、糖尿病高渗综合症。,有低血压症状：,头晕、视物模糊、乏力、心悸、皮肤湿冷、意识改变、尿,量减少等。,血压值：,收缩压（SBP）90/60mmHg，动脉平均压（MAP） 60mmHg 或收缩压（SBP）较基础水平下降40 mmHg，,脉压差减少。,（三）急诊就诊,评估生命体征，保证气道通畅,病史体检查找低血压的原因,给氧，开放静脉通道,心电监
2、护、脉搏氧饱和度和自动血压监测，,12导联心电图 ，床边胸部X线检查,（四）低血压的治疗,1,快速鉴别低血压原因详细询问病史全面体格检查完善辅助检查血容量不足（出血、严重呕吐、腹泻）、感染、创伤、疼痛、过敏、心源性、中毒、降压药物过量、低血糖反应、肺栓塞、糖尿病高渗综合症,11. 液体复苏,晶体溶液(如生理盐水和等张平衡盐溶液)或胶体溶 液(如白蛋白和人工胶体液)。,建立快速静脉通路，中心静脉导管以及肺动脉导 管。,22.输血治疗,在补充血液容量的同时，酌情补充血细胞成分， 如浓缩红细胞、新鲜冰冻血浆、血小板、凝血因 子、纤维蛋白原等。,注意输血不良反应甚至严重并发症。,33. 血管活性药与正
3、性肌力药,足够的液体复苏后仍存在低血压或者输液还未开 始的严重低血压病人,不常规使用血管活性药，才考虑应用血管活性药 与正性肌力药。,血管活性药物的选择,（1）多巴胺 作用于多巴胺受体、1-受体和-受体。11-,3g(kgmin) ，使血管扩张，增加尿量；22-l0g,(kgmin)时主要作用B-受体，增强心肌收缩能力而增加心输 出量，也增加心肌氧耗；10g (kgmin)时以-受体兴奋 为主，收缩血管。,（2） 多巴酚丁胺 1、2受体激动剂，使心肌收缩力增,强， 血管扩张和减少后负荷。,（3）去甲肾上腺素，主要效应是增加外周阻力来提高血压，,同时也不同程度地收缩冠状动脉。,44.原发病的治疗
4、,过敏性休克,感染性休克,神经源性休克,心源性休克,外伤性休克,（五）辅助检查,11.必需检查项目：,（1）血常规+血型、尿常规+酮体、便常规+潜血、网织红,细胞；,（2）凝血功能、肝肾功能、血糖、血脂、电解质、血沉、C,反应蛋白、血乳酸；,（3）胸部正侧位片、心电图、腹部B超。,2.根据患者情况进行：,血气分析、CT、D-二聚体、血管超声、心脏超声、诊断,性穿刺等检查，条件允许行血流动力学监测。,（六）治疗方案与药物选择,评估引起低血压原发病因，立即液体复苏。,监测皮温、神志、血压、心率、尿量，必要时有创血流动力学,监测（MAP、CVP和PAWP、CO和SV）。,血管活性药物。,根据患者具体
5、情况可输注血液制品。,临床评估，根据患者病情变化调整治疗。,根据患者病情，内科保守治疗无效可必要时行外科手术治疗。,对症支持治疗，控制血糖、预防感染。,（七）出院标准,1.生命体征平稳，症状好转，无活动性出血，低血,容量的病因得以改善。,2.血流动力学稳定。,3.无其他需要继续住院处理的并发症。,（八）变异及原因分析,伴有影响本病治疗效果的合并症，需要进行相关诊断和治疗。,病情较重，需要手术相关科室治疗，转入相应路径。,常规治疗无效或加重，转入相应路径。,出现严重并发症。,严重脓毒症及脓毒性休克,急诊处置路径,Epidemiology in the US,Leading cause of de
6、ath in the non-coronary ICU.,750,000 new cases that occur in the United States each year.,Grow at a rate of 1.5% per year as medicine becomes more aggressive.,Mortality is 30% to 50% for severe sepsis and 50% to 60% for septic shock.,Accounting for 40% of total ICU expenditure,Dellinger RP, Carlet J
7、M, Masur H, Gerlach H, Calandra T, Cohen J, Gea-Banacloche J, Keh D, Marshall JC, Parker MM, Ramsay G, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL, Levy MM and the SSC Management Guidelines Committee。 Crit Care Med 2004;32:858-873 Intensive Care Med 2004;30:536-555,Sepsis: A Complex Disease,Adapted from: Bone RC et al
8、. Chest. 1992;101:1644-55. Opal SM et al. Crit Care Med. 2000;28:S81-2.,Sepsis mortality in Cooper（USA）40353025,PercentMortality,0,2015105,Trauma,Acute MI,SevereSepsis,诊断治疗的难度Sepsis心肌梗死,症状 心电图 酶学标志物,86% said that symptoms of sepsis can easilybe misattributed to other conditions.89% said doctors are
9、eager for a breakthroughin treating sepsis.,病例,患者 男性，84岁，因“意识障碍半天”来诊。,患者因脑出血后遗症长期卧床，近一周出现精 神倦怠，进食少，有呛咳，三天来呼之不应，测,体温35.2 ，有痰不易咳出，来急诊。,初步诊断？,进一步检查？,诊断的难度,严重脓毒症,脓毒症高热T38.3OC (101. OF),寒战 血白细胞升高12000/mm3 低体温T90bpm 血白细胞降低20bpm,SBP2.0mg/dl(176.8mmol/L) 超过2小时排尿量2.0mg/dl(34.2mmol/L) 血小板计数2mmol/L(18.0mg/dl),
10、非糖尿病患者血糖升高120mg/dl ,凝血功能异常，(INR1.5 或aPTT60秒 ) 双肺浸润性改变PaO2/FiO290%,2004, 2008 Guideline,Sponsoring Organizations,American Association of Critical Care Nurses American College of Chest Physicians,American College of Emergency Physicians American Thoracic Society,Australian and New Zealand Intensive Ca
11、re Society,European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases European Society of Intensive Care Medicine European Respiratory Society International Sepsis Forum,Society of Critical Care Medicine Surgical Infection Society,诊断突破-标志物？,诊断？,预后？,敏感性？,特异性？,PCT and CRP have been most widelyy
12、 used, but even these have limited ability to distinguish sepsis from other inflammatory conditions or to predict outcome.,Many biomarkers have been evaluated for use in sepsis. Most of the biomarkers had been tested clinically, primarily as prognostic markers in sepsis; relatively few have been use
13、d for diagnosis. None has sufficient specificity or sensitivity to be routinely employed in clinical practice.,)ality(%Morta,Sepsis Protocols: Implementation Consistently Reduces Mortality,53,48,41,29,20,20,6040,Control,28*,27 *,30*,0,PProtocoll,Sebat,Kortgen,Shapiro,Micek,*P .05 compared with contr
14、ol; In-hospital mortality; 28-day mortality.Sebat F, et al. Chest. 2005;127:1729-1743; Kortgen A, et al. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(4):943-949; Shapiro NI, et al. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(4):1025-1032; Micek ST, et al. Crit Care Med. 2006;34(11):2707-2713.,Sepsis Protocols: Economic Benefit,Significant di
15、fference in median per- patient costs (black lines),Per-patient Cost Before and AfterProtocol Implementation,$21,985 before$16,103 afterAttributable to ICU and ward bed day chargesSignificantly lower median length of stay by 5 days (P = .023)Shorr AF, et al. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(5):1257-1262.,Impr
16、ovement in Process of Careand Outcome After a Multicenter Severe Sepsis Educational Program,in Spain,Ferrer R, Artigas A, Levy MM, et al.,JAMA 2008; 299(19):2294-2303,Results,2600 severe sepsis patients,Pre-intervention,Intervention with SSC bundles Long term follow-up,Improved compliance,Decreased mortality which was sustained,P = 0.04,Statistically significant compliance maintained in management bundle but lost in resuscitation bundle.,GRANDEARROYO,
