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1、,1.Definitions 2. Criteria: Faithfulness, smoothness 3. Requirements for translation,1.Definitions 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 2. Two fundamental criteria Faithfulness/accuracy and smoothness 3. How to develop as a translator?,Definitions 1.1 Languages and meani
2、ng,“translate” in The Oxford English Dictionary： “to turn from one language into another”； In Websters Third New International Dictionary of the English Language： “to turn into ones own or another language” Comments: 明确- task “翻译” 辞海汉语大词典 - “把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。” 在两种语言间转换意义,complicated “meaning”,
3、刘宓庆 现代翻译理论“语际意义”-六种:概念（主题）意义，语境意义，形式意义，风格意义，形象意义，文化意义 California is earthquake country. “加利福尼亚是地震区 。”; “加利福尼亚那一带地震可多着呢。” “您过奖了。” “You are overpraising me.”; “Thank you.” Meaning is related to other aspects as well as the words.,“message”,Eugene A. Nida -Theory and Practice of Translation: “Translati
4、on consists in reproducing(再现) in the receptor language (接受语) the closest natural equivalent (对等) of the source-language (源出语）message (信息), first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 翻译是指在译语中用最贴近而又自然的对等语再现原文的信息,首先在语义上，其次在文体上再现原语的信息。 Comments-“信息”： 1）语义； 2）文体 (not just meaning of words
5、) 传统翻译观念： 语际间的意义转换,1.2 Purpose of translation 翻译活动明确的目的性(social nature)：社会的进步,张今文学翻译原理：“翻译是两个语 言社会之间的交际过程和交际工具，它的目的是促进本语言社会的政治、经济和（或）文化进步， 它的任务是要把原作中包含的现实世界的逻辑映象或艺术映象，完好无损地从一种语言移注到另一种语言中去。”,Translation is indispensable to civilization.,西欧文明：“归功于翻译者”,季羡林中国翻译词典： “中华文化这一条长河， 但却从未枯竭。原因是有新水注入 .。最大的有两次， 一
6、次是从印度来的水，一次是从西方来的水。而这两次的大注入依靠的都是翻译。中华文化之所以能常葆青春，万应灵药就是翻译。”,Buddhist Scriptures (佛经)Eastern Han（25-220）, Sui Dynasty (581-618) , Tang Dynasty (618-907)， Song and Yuan Dynasty（1271-1368）Over a thousand years 支谦, 道安, 鸠摩罗什,玄奘 Western worksMing Dynasty (1368-1644)-徐光启, 利玛窦（Ricci）, Qing Dynasty (1644-1911
7、): 林纾（180 literary works), 严复 (social and political works), Period of Republic of China (1912-1949): 鲁迅, 郭沫若，瞿秋白，茅盾（Russian socialist works, English, French and German realistic and romantic works)After the Founding of New China (1949-),明末清初的科技翻译: 1607 , 徐光启、利马窦 ( Matteo Ricci) 几何原本古希腊人欧几里得 Euclid 几
8、何原本 Elements 林纾(18521924) La Dame aux Camelias, 巴黎茶花女遗事 Uncle Toms Cabin 黑奴呼天录； David Copperfield块肉余生述;Hamlet王子复仇记鲁滨逊飘流记 严复 天演论Evolution and Ethics and other essays (T.H. Huxley郝胥黎),鲁迅 死魂灵Dead Souls毁灭浊流200多部 茅盾 医生四十种外国文学译著，240余篇译文 郭沫若 三十余种 少年维特之烦恼“Vexation of teenager Weite”, Teenager Werters Vexati
9、on; 战争与和平;浮士德 Faust,A definition 翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明，特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。 Translation is conveying the meaning of one language in another language in order to communicate emotions and ideas, spread culture and knowledge and promote social civilization, in particular the deve
10、lopment of the target language culture.,Types of Translation,I). In terms of languagesintralingual and interlinguistic translations II). In terms of manners of activity oral, written and machine translations III) In terms of styles of subject matter literary, scientific, journalese, practical transl
11、ation, etc. IV) In terms of methods of disposal complete (full) , elliptical(节译）, abridged（摘译）, edited （编译）and summarized translations（译述）,What are the principles followed by translators?,2. Traditional criteria：being faithful to the original language (忠实）,2.1 George Campbells three principles in 17
12、89 “The first thing is to give a just (准确的) representation (再现) of the sense (意思) of the original (原作) The second thing is, to convey into his version(译作）, as much as possible, in a consistency with (符合) the genius of the language (语言特征) which he writes, the authors spirit and manner(精神和风格) The thir
13、d and last is, to take care, the version (译作） have at least, so far the quality of an original performance (原作品的特性), as to appear natural and easy(自然流畅)”,2.2 泰特勒三原则 Alexander F. Tytler (1747-1813）论翻译的原则Essay on the Principles of Translation,1.That a translation should give a complete transcript（复制）
14、of the ideas (思想）of the original work. 2. That the style and manner of writing (译文) should be of the same character （同一性质）with that of the original. 3. That a translation should have all the ease (流畅) of the original composition. 1.译文应该完全传达原文的思想。 2.译文的风格和笔调应与原文的一致。 3.译文应象原文一样流畅。 Focus: Translation m
15、ust be faithful to the original in ideas, style, ease,2.3 Chinese traditional criteria,道安：“案本” 严复 (天演論Evolution and Ethics) : “信、达、雅”。 “Faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance” “译事三难：信、达、雅。求其信，已大难也！顾信也，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉。” 傅雷: “神似” 钱钟书: “化境” General principle “being faithful to the original”,3. New s
16、chools of translation: in the second half of the 20th century abroard,Jacobson, Catford: equivalent value translation (等值翻译论) Eugene A. Nida: equivalent-effect theory, dynamic equivalence or functional equivalence. Zoha: multisystem Toury: Descriptive translation Skopostheory, descontructurism, post-structurism, postmodernism, postcolonialism, feminism,4. A translation must meet the two criteria:,
