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1、Period Three ,Grammar & Writing,写作专题 自然灾害类说明文,语法专题 过去完成时的被动语态&直接引语和间接引语,栏目索引,语法精析,语法专题,过去完成时的被动语态 一、构成 hadbeen过去分词 二、用法 1.表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成了的被动动作。该动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”，这一过去时间可用by，at，before等构成的短语或when，after，until等引导的从句或通过上下文来表示。,过去完成时的被动语态&直接引语和间接引语,The project had been completed by the end of 1990. 这项工程
2、已于1990年底竣工。 The classroom had been cleaned before we came. 我们来之前，教室已被打扫干净。 2.表示从过去某一时间开始，延续到过去另一时间的被动动作，该动作可能还要延续下去，常和for或since引导的表示一段时间的短语或从句连用。 The sale had been advertised for several weeks. 这场拍卖会已经做了好几个星期的广告。 Much work had been done since she arrived here. 自她抵达这里后做了许多工作。,3.用在含有被动形式的间接引语或宾语从句中，常放
3、在像said，told，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作之前已经发生的动作。 My classmate told me that he had been punished by his teacher. 我同学告诉我他已经受到了老师的惩罚。 We all thought he had been killed in the plane crash. 我们都以为他在飞机失事中丧生了。,即时跟踪1 用所给词的正确形式填空 (1)By the time we finished our work，other workers (leave) already. (2)How
4、 long they (know) each other before they got married? (3)At the end of the meeting，it was announced that an agreement _(reach). (4)We (not，see) each other up to now since I (leave) my hometown. (5)When I got up this morning，I found that the rain (stop) and the sun was shinning.,答案,had left,had,known
5、,had been,reached,have not seen,left,had stopped,直接引语和间接引语 英语中常用两种方式引用别人的话。直接引述别人的原话，叫作直接引语；用自己的话转述别人的话叫作间接引语。直接引语如改为间接引语，必须在语序、人称、时态和状语方面作相应变化。 一、句型变化 1.陈述句 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导(that在口语中常省略)。 “I will never forget this interesting lesson，”said Paul. 保罗说：“我永远不会忘记这有趣的一课。” Paul said that he wou
6、ld never forget that interesting lesson. 保罗说他永远不会忘记那有趣的一课。,2.疑问句 直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序改为陈述句语序(主语在谓语前面)，句末用句号，主语的人称、时态和状语也要作相应的变化。 (1)一般疑问句：直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，要用连词whether或if引导。主句中的谓语动词是said时，要改为asked。没有间接宾语的，可以加一个间接宾语(me，him或us等)。 He said，“Can you speak French？” He asked (me) if/whether I coul
7、d speak French. He said，“Did you see me last night？” He asked (me) whether/if I had seen him the night before.,(2)特殊疑问句：直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，仍用原来的疑问词引导。 “Where do you usually have lunch？” he asked me. He asked me where I usually had lunch. (3)选择疑问句：直接引语如果是选择疑问句，用whether/if引导。 She asked，“Are you goin
8、g there or not？” She asked me whether/if I was going there or not.,3.祈使句 转述祈使句，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并根据句子意思在不定式的前面加上tell，ask，order等动词，其句型是：tell/ask/order sb.to do sth.，如果祈使句为否定式，在不定式的前面加not。 “Make sure the door is shut，”she said to her little son. “一定要关上门，”她对她的小儿子说。 She told her little son to make su
9、re the door was shut. 她对她的小儿子说一定要关上门。 “Dont smoke in the room，” he said to me. “不要在房间里吸烟。”他对我说。 He told me not to smoke in the room. 他对我说不要在房间里吸烟。,二、时态变化 将直接引语变为间接引语时，动词的时态要做相应的变化： 一般现在时一般过去时 现在进行时过去进行时 一般过去时过去完成时 过去进行时过去进行时 一般将来时过去将来时 现在完成时过去完成时 过去完成时过去完成时 过去完成进行时过去完成进行时,三、人称变化 将直接引语变为间接引语时，人称代词和物主
10、代词要做出相应变化： 第一人称第三人称 第二人称第一人称或第三人称 第三人称第三人称(不变),四、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语也要做相应的变化,He said to me，“I will see her next week.” 他对我说：“我下星期来看她。” He told me he would see her the next week. 他告诉我说他下星期来看她。,温馨提醒 (1)在人称变化项目中，如果主句的主语是第一人称，则从句的主语无需变化；如果主句的主语是第三人称，则从句的主语常有上述变化。 I say，“You are right.” I say that you are rig
11、ht. She says，“He is going tomorrow”. She says that he is going tomorrow.,(2)时态不变的特殊情况如下： 直接引语是客观真理、谚语或名人名言时。 He said，“The earth goes around the sun.” He said that the earth goes around the sun. He said，“Where there is a will，there is a way.” He said where there is a will，there is a way. 当直接引语中有具体的过去
12、时间作状语时，间接引语仍然用一般过去时。 Mr. Wang said，“I was born in China in September,1972.” Mr. Wang said he was born in China in September,1972.,当直接引语是过去完成时态时。 She said，“They had left when I arrived here.” She said that they had left when she arrived there. 当直接引语表示客观的时刻表时。 He said，“The plane takes off at 6：30 am.”
13、 He said that the plane takes off at 6：30 am. (3)如在当天转述别人说过的话，时间状语可不变；如果在当地转述，地点状语和动词(come)也不必改变。 He said，“Ill be back tonight.” He said that he will be back tonight.,即时跟踪2 将下列直接引语变为间接引语 (1)The teacher said to us，“We will have an English test next Saturday.” _ (2)I asked her，“Do you live in the scho
14、ol？” _ (3)He asked the boy，“Why were you late again？” _,答案,The teacher told us that we would have an English test the next Saturday.,I asked her whether/if she lived in the school.,He asked the boy why he had been late again.,(4)He said to me，“Shut the window，please.” _ (5)The doctor said to me，“Don
15、t drink too much.” _,答案,He asked me to shut the window.,The doctor told me not to drink too much.,.填写空白处所需的内容(1个单词)或所提供单词的正确形式 1.The exhibition tells us we should do something to stop air pollution. (2015四川) 2.“Every time you eat a sweet，drink green tea.” This is my mother used to tell me.(2014浙江) 3
16、.James has just arrived，but I didnt know he (come) until yesterday.(2014重庆),答案,高考链接,why,what,was coming,4.It is difficult for us to imagine life was like for slaves in the ancient world.(2014山东) 5.“What do you want to be？” asked Mrs.Crawford.“Oh，I (be) president，” said the boy，with a smile.(2013湖南) 6.Experiments of this kind (conduct) in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.(2011北京),
