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1、English Phonetics and Phonology: An Introduction,Stevens Wang 王秋雨 Foreign Languages Department Beijing Sport University,1. Overall Introduction,1.1 Misunderstandings,Vowel sounds vowel lettersTuck, stuck, cut, duck,1.2 Basic concepts,Both Phonetics and Phonology deal with human speech sounds. Phonet
2、ics is about the physical description of the actual sounds used in human languages; Phonology is about the way the sounds we used are organized into patterns and systems.,To be specific: Phonetics deals with speech sounds themselves: How they are made (Articulatory Phonetics) How they are perceived
3、(Auditory Phonetics) Physics involved (Acoustic Phonetics) Phonology deals with how these speech sounds are organized into systems for each individual language, such as: The combination of sounds; The relationship between them; How they affect each other.,1.3 Separation of Phonetics from Phonology,E
4、xamples: Some non-existent soundsSign languagesManual instead of vocal gestures,2. Phonetics,2.1 Articulatory Phonetics,2.1.1 Airstream mechanism 2.1.2 State of vocal cords 2.1.3 State of velum 2.1.4 Vocal tract 2.1.5 Place and manner of articulation (consonants) 2.1.6 Vowels,Vocal tract and articul
5、artory organs,2.1.1 Airstream mechanism,Sub-categories: Pulmonic Glottic Velaric Egressive insideoutside Ingressive insideoutside,Possible 6 airstream airstreams: pulmonic egressive (in all human languages) pulmonic ingressive (not found)velaric egressive (not found) velaric ingressive (used in e.g.
6、 Zulu, S. Africa)glottalic egressive (used in e.g. N. America) glottalic ingressive (used in e.g. Sindhi, India),Pulmonic Sounds,Air flow is directed outwards towards the oral cavity. Pressure built by compression of lungs p, n, s, l, e,Glottic Egressive Sounds,Air flow is directed outwards towards
7、the oral cavity Pressure built by pushing up closed glottis Georgian p, t, k,Glottic Ingressive Sounds,Air flow is directed inwards from the oral cavity Pressure reduced by pulling down closed glottis Hausa, Sindhi , ,Velaric Sounds,Air flow is directed inwards from the oral cavity Pressure reduced
8、by forming velaric and alveolar closure and pulling down tongue,All human languages cover the following airstream mechanism (the pulmonic egressive/from the lung out): Lungs (initiator) trachea (windpipe) larynx (in the Adams apple) Vocal tract (mouth and nose),2.1.2 Vocal cords,2.1.3 Velum,Velum (s
9、oft palate) is a muscular flap at the back of the roof of the mouth. Raised, cutting off the nasal tract, resulting in oral sounds, e.g. frog. Lowered, allowing air into and through the nose, resulting in nasal sounds, e.g. man, pain (French for bread).,2.1.4 Vocal tract,Active articulator The mobil
10、e parts Lower lip and tongue,Passive articulator The non-mobile parts Upper lip, teeth, roof of the mouth (alveolar ridge, hard palate and soft palate, and uvular), and the pharynx wall.,2.1.5 Manner and place of articulation,Manner and place of articulation are used to describe consonant sounds. Pl
11、ace of articulation refers to the horizontal relationship between the articulators. Manner of articulation refers to the vertical relationship between the active and passive articulators.,English phonemes,2.1.6 Vowels,2.1.6.1 The Vowels. Criteria for Classification The position of the tongue Vertica
12、lly: high/low; Horizontally: fronted/retracted The position of the lips,English simple vowels IPA=(International Phonetic Alphabet),English simple vowels NA vowels (North American vowels),British and American English,2.1.6.2 Cardinal vowels,2.1.6.3 English Vowels English simple vowels English front
13、vowels i:, , e and English back vowels a:, , :, u and u: English central vowels , (schwa) and :.,Semi-vowels Liquids w, l Glides r, y,English diphthongsCentring diphthongs , e, uDiphthongs to /u/ u and au.Diphthongs to / i/ a, , e,English diphthongs,English triphthongs,fire, employer, layer, mower,
14、power,2.2 Acoustic Phonetics,2.2.1 Sound waves2.2.2 Spectrograms,2.2.1 Sound waves,2.2.2 Spectrogram,A time-frequency-amplitude graph.,2.3 Auditory Phonetics/Speech perception,It studies the way in which humans perceive sounds. Auditory phonetics involves the understanding of the human hearing syste
15、m, i.e. the anatomy and physiology of the human ear and brain. It is the study of the way speech sounds are identified and analysed,3. Phonology,Phonology is the study of sound systems and the linguistic patterning of sounds of human languages. Its primary aim is to discover the principles that gove
16、rn the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.,3.1 Phonemes and allophones,3.1.1 Minimal pairs Certain sounds cause changes in the meaning of a word, whereas others do not. An early methodology is to replace one sound by another to see whether a different meaning is resulted. This methodology is called minimal pairs. The important units in the minimal pairs are called phonemes. Phonemes are transcribed with normal set of phonetic symbols within slant lines, e.g. /t/,
