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1、Practical English Writing 实用英语应用文写作,Styles and Features in Language of English Practical Writing,Classification of Practical English Writing,英语应用文包括各国政府、民间团体、企事业单位或个人相互往来所使用的书信、商务文书、礼仪文书、契约文书、单据表格、会务文书等。,Language Features and Writing Ways,完整一篇好的涉外英语应用文，必须对读者（对方或公众）提供所有需要的信息，或者答复读者所提出的一切问题和要求，务必使所有的事
2、情都得到阐明和论述，所有的问题都得到答复和解释。,为了检验你所写的应用文的完整性，我们可以使用5个W (Who, What, When, Where, Why) 和一个 H (How)。例如：NOTICEDec. 31,2003All the staff of Accounts Department are requested to be ready to attend the meeting in the conference room on Tuesday, at 3:00pm, Jan 6, 2004, to discuss the financial statement of last
3、 year.Accounts Dept.,“Cellulose Tape 1/2“x 3yds,with plastic dispenser 700 doz./ ditto-but 1/2“ x 5 yds,1,000doz.” 这是出口商接到的一份定单中有关商品品名，规格和数量的内容。,“纤素带（幅）宽半英寸，长码，带塑料包装容器0打；同上，但（幅）宽宽半英寸，长码，打。”问题是后半句不清楚。 “ditto”在这里表示前面提到的商品名称纤维素带，但不能包括“带塑料包装容器”，因此，幅宽半英寸长码的纤维素带是否有塑料包装容器没有说清楚，不完整。所以最好改成： “Cellulose Tape 1
4、/2“x 3yds, with plastic dispenser 700 doz. Cellulose Tape 1/2“ x 5yds，with plastic dispenser 1000 doz.“ 这样既完整，又清楚明确，不引起误解。,2. 具体任何一种英语应用文应当具体、明确和有说服力，而不应含糊、笼统和抽象。特别是合同、协议、通知、启事、招领、海报、广告和需要做出具体答复等的信函，必须强调具体使用的事实、数据和时间。,3 清楚 清楚，是英语应用文的主要语言特点之一。所谓清楚，就是要确保你所写的内容清楚，不被误解。要写得恰到好处，使读者不假思索就能理解你的要点为宜。要达到上述目的，
5、必须注意下列几点：1) 选择简明易懂的词语，尽量避免意义上模棱两可的词语和句子。例如：,As to the steamer sailing from Shanghai to Los Angeles, we have bimonthly direct services.,As to the steamer sailing from Shanghai to Los Angeles, we have bimonthly direct services. “bimonthly” has two meanings here. One is “twice a month”, another is “onc
6、e every two months”. Revised: a) We have a direct sailing from Shanghai to Los Angeles every two months.(从上海到洛杉矶，每两月一次直达船。),2) 注意修饰词的位置，同一修饰词放到句中不同位置，会导致句子的含义不同。,3) 注意代名词的指代对象和关系代词与先行词的关系。例如：They informed Messrs. Smith & Brown that they would receive a reply in a few days. Revised: They informed Mes
7、srs. Smith & Brown that the later would receive the reply in a few days. (史密斯.布朗公司将在近日内得到答复。),4）注意逻辑上的合理， 句子结构上的多变，情节上的紧凑和意义上的连贯。首先，必须注意分词的逻辑主语与句子的主语的一致。例如： Being a registered accountant, Im sure you can help us.,Revised: Being a registered accountant, you can certainly help us. (作为一名。)As you are a
8、registered accountant, Im sure you can help us. (因为你是我坚信。),其次是，应当注意句子结构的多变，例如： We have received your letter of April 4. We are sorry for the wrong dispatch. We will do something about it. (单调，乏味) Revised: Thank you for your letter of April 4. We regret that we have dispatched the wrong goods and wil
9、l do something for compensation.,（你方4月4日来函收悉，谢谢，得知我方发错了货，深表遗憾。我们将为此做点补偿。 ）第三， 意义上的连贯是值得考虑的。,4 简明 简明被认为是最重要的写作原则和语言特点，它节约作者和读者的时间。简明指的是尽可能地用精辟的文笔清楚地表达你需要表达的内容。而又毫不损害完整、具体和礼貌。要达到此目的，必须遵循下面几条准则：,（1）长话短说，尽力避免啰嗦。 You shouldnt use: Youd better use: at this time - come to a decision - during the time that
10、- express a preference for- due to the fact that-,（1）长话短说，尽力避免啰嗦。 You shouldnt use: Youd better use: at this time - now come to a decision - decide during the time that - while express a preference for- prefer due to the fact that- because,On the basis of - in the matter of - It should be pointed ou
11、t that-concur(同意，赞成) - initiate(开始)- request(询问)-,On the basis of - by in the matter of - about It should be pointed out that-Please notice that concur(同意，赞成) - agree initiate(开始)- begin request(询问)- ask,acknowledge receipt of ( 兹收到)- Thank you for, I received be in receipt of (兹收到) - Thank you for
12、, I received the writer(笔者)- I, me, my up to this writing (至今)-so far or omitted We beg to thank you -Thank you Take an early opportunity (趁早)-act promptly,(2) 避免使用怪词、难词及笼统的陈旧的商业术语，尽量用常用词及现代英语表达。 比较下列几对句子。例如： I wish to express my heartfelt gratitude to your kind cooperation. (wordy) Concise: Thank y
13、ou for your cooperation. Please be advised that we have received our invoice No.248. (wordy) Concise: We have received your invoice No.248.,(3) 避免不必要的重复。例如： We have begun to export our machines to the foreign countries. Revised: We have begun to export our machines. Samples will be sent and offers w
14、ill be make upon receipt of your specific enquiries.(一经收到你方具体询盘，就发盘并寄送样品。),Revised: Samples will be sent and offers made upon receipt of your specific enquiries.,5 礼貌礼貌是国际商务英语应用文特别是国际商务信函的重要语言特点，一封彬彬有礼的书信能使你自己在对方的心目中树立起一种正直、热情、有良好的文化素养和职业道德的形象，使之乐意与你合作，竭诚为你服务。,(1)使用虚拟语气。We would ask you to make a pr
15、ompt shipment.(请贵方即期装运)We wish you would let us have your reply soon.(务请贵方即期装运)We wish you would let us have your reply soon.(希望贵公司早作答复),We would be grateful if you advance delivery to the middle of June and ship the goods in one lot.(如果贵方把交货日期提前至六月中旬，且做一次性装运，我方将十分感谢。)(2)使用缓和法，避免过分强调或刺激。 为了避免过分强调自己的观点或刺激别人，应在写作中使用缓和法。如：,We are afraid that, We would say, We may (might) say， We would think, It seems (would seem) to us that, We would suggest that, As you are (may be) aware, As we need hardly point out that, It appears that etc. e.g.,
