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1、中古汉语完成语义研究中古汉语完成语义研究内容摘要本文主要研究中古汉语完成语义的共时呈现及其表达方式的历史演变。站在中古时期这一历史断面，本文采取泛时和历时相结合的方法，通过从意义到形式的方式，从接口中观察词汇、语法在功能语义场中的互动关系。在泛时研究中，本文首先从话语中鉴别表达完成语义的各种方式，然后探讨在这些纷繁复杂的表达方式下蕴藏的运作体系。在历时研究中则主要探讨中古汉语体系内部成员的演变动因、机制以及语言的系统性。文章主要讨论了四个问题：一、中古时期汉语完成语义的表现形式和表达体系。从动词论元投射的角度看，完成语义的表达方式有：（1）词汇层面，谓词中的显性范畴和隐性范畴。 （2）小句层面
2、：（a）副词性成分，如时间副词“曾” 、 “尝” 、 “既” 、 “已” ；（b）数量成分，包括名量成分和动量成分；（c）被动式；（d）处置式；（e）连动式。从动词中枢来看，中古汉语的完成语义分为四级表达层次，即核心动词、动相、动后成分、动前成分，它们可以组成三级表达体系，即“时制标记中心情状体貌标记” 。二、汉语体标记产生的动因和机制。由于语义演变的单向性，显性范畴在连动式中经历了语法化，从而导致了语义标记的产生。跨语言的比较表明， 完成语义标记的诞生受制于事件类型的有界性。而中古时期中土文献和汉译佛典中的“已”具有截然不同的属性，前者是汉语本身的发展，后者则是异质语言远程传播的结果。三、历
3、时演变中完成语义特征的转换。上古汉语的使成类型可以分为词汇型使成、综合型使成、迂说型使成以及基于构式的使成。中古汉语的“斩”类词从表示动作到可以表示结果是语用诱导所致；“杀”类词因为语义“撕裂”从表示动作结果语义到动作和结果语义的分离，这一语义变化受制于概念结构类型及其组合；“败”类词则是由于语音磨损导致了语义的消解，使得“败1”与“败2”合流；“哭”类动结式，如“哭城颓”的形成则是因为构式的影响。它们都和语义类型从综合型向分析型转变的大背景密切相关。四、 完成语义标记的演进对汉语语序的影响。从焦点理论出发，在“最小对立对儿”中鉴别工具介词的位置意义，本文认为工具介词词组的前移和完成语义标记的
4、演进密切相关；同时， 完成语义标记的演进也诱发了动量词组的后移。关键词：关键词：完成语义 词汇句法 泛时 历时 中古汉语A Research on +Completion Semantic Feature in Medieval ChineseAbstractThe main purpose of this dissertation is to study the +completion semantic feature and its semantic change in Medieval Chinese (MC). In the dissertation, based on the app
5、roach from meaning to form, the author wants to study the interaction with lexico-syntax interface in MC.Based on the panchronic method, the first task is to filter out all kinds of expression means of +completion semantic feature in MC, and to find out the interwined relationships in expression sys
6、tem, which was behind these complex expression means. Based on the diachronic method, the author tries to study the semantic evolution reasons and mechanisms, and the systematicness of the language in MC.Four issues were studied in the dissertation.The first issue is concerned with the expression me
7、ans and system of +completion semantic feature in MC. Viewing from the verb argument projection, the means of expression are (1) lexemic level, which includes overt category and covert category; (2) clause level. In this level, many means can be used to express completion semantic feature, such as (
8、a) temporal adverb form “ceng”(曾), “chang”(尝), “ji”(既), and “yi”(已); (b) quantification, includes numerical-classifier compound and dynamic quantizer; (c) passive construction; (d) disposal construction; (e) serial verb construction. Reflected by the pivotal verb, the dissertation argued that the sy
9、stem could be divided into four expression hierarchical structures and three expression models. The former were composed of nucleus verb, phase, pre-verb class, and post-verb class, while the latter included core situation type, aspect markers and tense markers.The second issue is concerned with the
10、 reason and mechanism of the aspect markers emergence. Based on the unidirectionality principle of semantic change, the author maintained that the semantic marker was produced through the process of grammaticalization. The mechanism of creation aspect morphemes is computed in according with the depe
11、ndence of realization condition on telicity of the event predicates. In MC, “yi”(已) had differential properties between traditional Chinese document and Buddhist scriptures, one was developed from Chinese language internally, the other was affected by the spread from a distant heterogeneous source l
12、anguages. The third issue is concerned with the semantic feature shift from a diachronic study. The typology of causatives in Archaic Chinese can be divided into four classes: lexical causatives, synthetic causatives, periphrastic causatives, and construction based causatives. It is worth noting the
13、 fact that the class “zhan”(斩) developed from +action to +result was induced by pragmatically, while “sha”(杀) had actually provided compelling evidence for a semantic tearing mode analysis, and its semantic change was restricted by conceptual structure and co-occurrence restriction, so it developed
14、from action + result to +action or +result. But “bai”(败) go through a different way, in MC “bai1”(败1) and “bai2”(败2) merger together by phonemic attrition; and affected by construction, “ku”(哭) evolved into “ku cheng tui”(哭城颓) . All the shift of semantic feature in these words were go hand in hand w
15、ith the background of the semantic switch from synthetic style to analytic style.The fourth issue is concerned with the tight correlation between the evolution of completion marker and word order change. Based on the focus theory, the dissertation tries to filter out the minimal difference meaning o
16、f instrumental preposition in minimal pairs, if they are located at the different place. In this dissertation, the author argued that not only the ante-displacement of instrumental preposition, but also the retro-displacement of dynamic measurement had closely connected with the completion semantic feature.Keywords: +completion lexico-syntax interface panchrony diachrony Medieval Chinese目目 录录绪论绪论
