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1、,“要掌握一门语言，首先要掌握其语法。只有掌握了语法，最终才能掌握语言，才能得心应手地运用之。” The first and most important step in gaining over the language is gaining control over its grammar. It is the knowledge of grammar that yields access to the rich possibilities of the language and the means to use it.-不列颠英语用法大全,掌握语法的重要性,英语语法包括词法和句法 词法:
2、名词（noun）、动词(verb)、形容词(adjective)、冠词(article)、数词(numeral)、介词(preposition)、代词(pronoun)、连词(conjunction)、副词(adverb)等词类的用法 句法：一般规则的用法和特殊规则的用法,英语语法的构成,英语语法构成示意图,第一讲,英语句型结构,English Sentence Pattern,英语句子五个层次的变化,简单的简单句 复杂的简单句 非简单句 复杂结构充当句子成分 从句套从句的结构,简单的简单句 六个最基本句型,以及其中包含的六种句子成分(主谓宾系表补)。 SV(主谓）：It disappears
3、. SVO(主谓宾): I love you. SVP(主系表): I am a student. SVOOC(主谓宾宾补): I put a book on the desk. SVIODO(主谓双宾语): He gave a book There be + O (There be): There is a book on the desk.,复杂的简单句 在六大句型基础上加三大修饰成分(定语、状语、同位语)后句子变得更加复杂了,但仍属于简单句(即句号前只有一个主谓结构)。 如：I left the beautiful city Beijing yesterday.主 谓 定 宾 同位 状,
4、非简单句 当一个句号前出现两个、甚至更多个主谓结构时,简单句就变成了并列句或复合句。 并列句（并列连词连接） He gave me a ticket and invited me to the party. 复合句（从句引导词引导） I will visit you as soon as I arrive in the city.,复杂结构充当句子成分 简单句子中的成分一般由简单的词或词组充当,而随着句子变长变难,句中的一个成分可能就会由长而且复杂的结构充当,如从句、非谓语动词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、介词短语等等。 如：Feeling upset and not wanting to tr
5、y, I left the citywhich I loved.（分词短语作状语、从句作定语）,从句套从句的结构 一个复杂的句子中,可以有两个以上的从句,这些从句相互之间可以是平行关系,也可以是从属关系(即从句套从句),这种情况理解难度较大。,如：The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending
6、 their money in the marketplace for those goods and services thatthey want most.,复合句构成：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都有完整的主谓结构，但主句是全局的主体，从句只是全句中的一个成分，不能独立存在。从句通常是用引导词来引导的，引导词起连接主句和从句的作用。分类：名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句），形容词性从句（定语从句），副词性从句（状语从句）。,1. 主语从句(Subject Clause) 一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是主语从句. 1）常规主语从句，
7、句子在复合句中充当主语 That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.Whether we will go for an outing tomorrow remains unknown.Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.Whom we must study for is a question of great importance.What caused the accident remains unknown.Whatev
8、er you did is right.Whose watch was lost is unknown.What we need is time.,小结: （1)引导主语从句连词有that, whether, who, what, whatever等 （2)连词位于句首不能省略 （3)主语从句大多数情况下视为三人称单数。,注意：为了防止句子头重脚轻，通常把形式主语it放在主语位置，真正主语搁置于句末 It is certain that he will win the match. It is true that he has made a very important discovery i
9、n chemistry. It is strange that he should do that. It is said that he has gone to shanghai.(=He is said to have gone to shanghai) It is known to all that the gun powder was first invented by the Chinese. It is suggested that the work should be done with great care. It seems that he has seen the film
10、.(=He seems to have seen the film) It happened that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happened to be there),小结: （1)以that 引出的主语从句,常以形式主语it引导. It is +形容词/名词/某些动词ed + that 从句. （2) 在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气 (should+do/should+have done),2.表语从句 定义： 表语从句就是用一个句子作为表语。 The problem is puzzling. 主语 连系动词 形容词作表语
11、 The problem is when we can get a pay rise. 主语 连系动词 一个句子作表语-表语从句,连接表语从句的连接词有：that, what, who, when, where, which, why, whether,how. He has become a teacher. He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago. She has remained there for an hour. She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour. His
12、 suggestion is good. His suggestion is that we should stay calm. The question is confusing. The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.,注意： 1.表语从句一定要用陈述语序。 False: The question is when can he arrive at the hotel. Right: The question is when he can arrive at the hotel. 2.不用if，而用whether 连接表语从句(as
13、if 例外）。 False: The question is if the enemy is marching towards us. Right: The question is whether the enemy is marching towards us. Right: It looked as if he had understood this question.,3.像宾语从句，在有表语从句的复合句中，主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。 Right: The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow. Right:
14、The question is why he cried yesterday. 4.that 在表语从句中不能省掉。,3. 宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.构成:带有宾语从句的复合句就是用连接词把一个主句和一个宾语从句连接在一起。连接词有：that(可省略)，what, who, when, where, why, which, if, whether, how.,He suggested (that) we should clean the corridor every day. 宾语 He told me (that) he would leave Dalian airpo
15、rt at 8pm.间接宾语 直接宾语 He told me where he was going to travel that summer. 间接宾语 直接宾语,He told that he would go to the college the next year. I dont know if there will be a bus any more. Nobody knew whether he could pass the exam. Do you know who has won Red Alert game? I dont know whom you should depen
16、d on. The book will show you what the best CEOs know. Have you determined whichever you should buy,a Motorola or Nokia cell phone? He didnt tell me when we should meet again. Could you please tell me how you read the new book? None of us knows where these can be bought.,注意： （1）用形式宾语it代替的宾语从句 动词find,
17、 feel, consider, make, believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置. I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . I feel it a pity that I havent been to the get-together. I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.,
