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1、,Lecture 7 Restructuring 翻译中的结构调整,本课要点,一、英译汉句序调整 1. 保持原句句序 2. 根据时间调整句序 3. 复杂句中的状语从句 4. 涉及状语的情况 5. 用作判断和结论的“that”从句 二、汉译英句序调整 1 英汉习惯表达词序差异 2 定语的位置 3 几种定语后置现象 4 状语的位置,一、英汉词序差异,English sentence patterns: MinorMajor NearFar Specific-General Weak-Strong 汉语一般把重要的、语气强的词语紧靠中心词，而英语恰恰相反。 His address is 3612 M
2、arket Street，Philadelphia，PA. 19109，USA. 他的地址是美国宾夕法尼亚州费城市场街3612号，邮政编码19104。My uncle passed away in hospital at 2: 30 a. m. on September 12，1999. 我的伯父于1999年，月12日凌晨2点30分在医院逝世。 一定要分清敌我。 We must draw a clear distinction between ourselves and the enemy.,分析长句，判断中文句序:,I believe(1) that I speak for every si
3、ncere and serious representative in the United Nations(2)- so I am encouraged to believe by the speeches to which we have already listened this morning(3)-when I say(4) that the anniversary must be an occasion for an honest assessment of our failures in the past(5), matched by an equally determined
4、will to do better in the future(6), so that we can escape from frustration(7) and turn the anniversary into an inspiration and an achievement(8). 汉语表达习惯：5-6-7-8-4-1-3-2,参考译文：,这次周年纪念会应该是一个老老实实地评估我们过去的失误的时机，同时也应该是一个表达我们有同样决心要做好今后工作的时机。这样，我们就可免遭挫折，并可把这次周年纪念变成一种鼓舞和成就。当我讲这番话时，我相信-今天上午我们听到的发言也使我相信-我是代表联合国
5、每一位真诚和严肃的代表讲话的。,英译汉句序调整,1. 保持原句语序Laid out in the early 15th century, the Forbidden City unfolds powerfully in courtyard after courtyard, as if the power of the emperor himself could never quite be reached.早在15世纪初，紫禁城就形成了现在的格局：重重庭院错落有致，气势显赫，犹如皇帝的龙威，可望而不可及。In order to survive, to feed, clothe and shel
6、ter himself and his children, man is engaged in a constant struggle with nature.为了生存，为了自己和子孙后代的衣食住行，人类和大自然不断进行斗争。,2. 根据时间调整句序,English sentences are generally bound by syntactical rules（句法规则），and they are often arranged in order of importance；while Chinese sentences are more flexible，and usually arra
7、nged according to the sequence of time. He had to quit the position and went into exile，having been deprived of his power.他被剥夺了权力之后，只好离职，流落他乡。,We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959. 我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，
8、中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。As was cleared up some time later, news came from a distance that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell. 过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。,3. 复杂句里面的状语从句,Adverbial clauses of condition，concession or cause，and so on in English ma
9、y stand either before or after a principal clause，however, when translated into Chinese，they are normally placed before the principal clause. The government is determined to keep up the pressure whatever the cost it will pay in the end. 不论最终将付出什么代价，政府决心继续施加压力。,The librarians have compiled a card-ind
10、ex catalogue so that they can afford facilities for reference. 为便于参考起见，图书馆馆员们编制了索引目录卡。No matter how hard he tried, he failed at last. 不管他怎样努力，最后还是没有成功。,4. 涉及状语的情况,There are cases in which an adverbial（or an adj. phrase）in English functions as an adverbial clause（or non-restrictive clause）In Chinese
11、the adverbial（or adj. phrase) is usually placed at the end of the sentence and is amplified into a sentence.They，not unexpectedly，did not respond. 他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。,Illogically，she had expected some kind of miracle solution. 她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法，这显然不合情理。 With the fear of largely imaginary plots against
12、 his leadership，his self-confidence seemed totally to desert him. 由于害怕有人阴谋推翻他的领导，他似乎完全丧失了自信。但所谓的阴谋在很大程度上是他自己假想出来的。,5. 用作判断和结论的“that”从句,“That-“clause is usually adopted in expressing a judgment or conclusion. When a “that-“ clause which serves as the subject（of a sentence or a clause）is too long and
13、consequently “it” is simultaneously used as the “formal subject“，restructuring is often called for，so as to conform to the Chinese usage.,I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice. 我同样认为，欧洲应该日益团结起来，并且用一个共
14、同的声音说话，这是符合全世界的利益的。 It is not surprising that，when humidity is low，the water evaporates rapidly from the fruit. 在大气湿度低的情况下，水果里的水分蒸发就快，这是不足为奇的。,More Examples:,It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit I had intended to pay to China in January. 我原打算在1月访问中国，后来又不得不推迟，这使我深感失望。 It is e
15、asy to see what weight can be overcome and what thrust is necessary to maintain flight.要知道应该抵消多大重力并需要多大推力才能保持飞行，这很容易。,三、汉译英中的句序调整,1 英汉习惯表达词序差异 2 定语的位置 3 几种定语后置现象 4 状语的位置,1 英汉习惯表达词序差异,heart-warming暖人心的 tough-minded 意志坚强的 East China 华东 north and south, east and west 东西南北 rain or shine 无论晴雨 Inconsisten
16、cy of deeds with words 言行不一 the iron and steel industry 钢铁工业 quick of eye and deft of hand 手疾眼快 Food, clothing, shelter and transportation 衣食住行 you, he and I 你、我、他 前前后后，来来去去Back and forth, to and fro 一切可能的手段 Every means possible,2 定语的位置,英语中单词、短语、从句等都可作为定语。一般来说，单词放在所修饰的名词前，短语与从句放其后。 精湛的工艺 （工艺精湛） fine workmanship 一支落败的军队 a defeated army 社会主义的现代化强国a modem，powerful socialist country 一位美国现代优秀作家an outstanding contemporary American writer 各条战线上的先进工作者们 advanced workers from various fronts 英国是第一个承认中国的西方大国。 Britain was the first Western power to recognize China .,
