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1、Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Chapter 3Perception, Attribution, and Diversity,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Learning Objectives,Define perception and discuss some of the general factors that influence perception. Explain social identity theory and Bruners model of the perceptual process. D
2、escribe the main biases in person perception. Describe how people form attributions about the causes of behaviour. Discuss various biases in attribution.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Learning Objectives (continued),Discuss the concepts of workforce diversity and valuing diversity. Discuss how
3、racial, ethnic, gender, and age stereotypes affect organizational behaviour and what organizations can do to manage diversity.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Learning Objectives (continued),Define trust perceptions and perceived organizational support and describe organizational support theory.
4、Discuss person perception and perceptual biases in human resources.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,What Is Perception?,The process of interpreting the messages of our senses to provide order and meaning to the environment. People base their actions on the interpretation of reality that their per
5、ceptual system provides, rather than on reality itself.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Components of Perception,Perception has three components: A perceiver A target that is being perceived Some situational context in which the perception is occurring Each component influences the perceivers imp
6、ression or interpretation of the target.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Factors that Influence Perception,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,The Perceiver,Past experiences lead the perceiver to develop expectations that affect current perceptions. Needs unconsciously influence perceptions by cau
7、sing us to perceive what we wish to perceive. Emotions, such as anger, happiness, or fear, can influence our perceptions.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Perceptual Defence,The tendency for the perceptual system to defend the perceiver against unpleasant emotions. People often “see what they want
8、 to see” and “hear what they want to hear.” Our perceptual system works to ensure we do not see or hear things that are threatening.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,The Target,Ambiguous targets are especially susceptible to interpretation and the addition of meaning. Perceivers have a need to res
9、olve ambiguities. The perceiver does not or cannot use all the information provided by the target. A reduction in ambiguity might not be accompanied by greater accuracy.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,The Situation,Perception occurs in some situational context, and this context can affect what i
10、s perceived. The most important effect that the situation can have is to add information about the target. The perception of a target can change with the situation even when the perceiver and target remain the same.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Social Identity Theory,People form perceptions of
11、 themselves based on their characteristics and memberships in social categories. Our sense of self is composed of a personal identity and a social identity.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Social Identity Theory (continued),Personal identity is based on our unique characteristics (e.g., interests
12、). Social identity is based on our perception that we belong to various social groups (e.g., gender). Personal and social identities help us answer the question: “Who am I?”,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Social Identity Theory (continued),We perceive ourselves and others as embodying the most t
13、ypical attributes of a category or what are called “prototypes.” Social identities are relational and comparative. People tend to perceive members of their own social categories in more positive and favourable ways.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Bruners Model of the Perceptual Process,When the
14、perceiver encounters an unfamiliar target, the perceiver is very open to the informational cues in the target and the situation. The perceiver will actively seek out cues to resolve ambiguity. As the perceiver encounters some familiar cues, a crude categorization of the target is made.,Copyright 201
15、1 Pearson Canada Inc.,Bruners Model of the Perceptual Process (continued),The search for cues then becomes less open and more selective. The perceiver will search for cues that confirm the categorization of the target. As the categorization becomes stronger, the perceiver will ignore or even distort
16、 cues that violate initial perceptions.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Bruners Model of the Perceptual Process: An Example,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Perception is Selective,Perceivers do not use all of the available cues, and those they use are given special emphasis. Perception is efficient but this can aid and hinder perceptual accuracy.,Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.,Perceptual Constancy,The tendency for the target to be perceived in the same way over time and across situations. “Getting off on the wrong foot.”,
