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1、What is the definition given by the writer of the translation technique of addition of proper words?,The translation technique of addition of proper words is commonly employed in English-Chinese and Chinese-English translation. It is used mainly to make the version easy and natural to read and under
2、stand. It is used flexibly in various cases. Sometimes, it is necessary to add some words and expressions that are omitted grammatically or syntactically in the original. Sometimes, it is essential to add words or phrases to the version that are not visible but implicit in the original when the orig
3、inal context and logical relations as well as idiomatic usage of the target language are considered.,How many types of meaning does a word usually possess?,According Geoffrey Leech, a famous linguist in Britain, words normally possess seven types of meaning: conceptual meaning or senseconnotative me
4、aning social meaning affective meaning reflected meaningcollocative meaningand thematic meaning,增补词语 -根据内容增补词语,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思 增加说明文化背景的词语 通过联想或想象增加词语,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,翻译抽象名词时要适当增词 (1) 在翻译由动词或形容词派生来的英语抽象名词时，通常要根据语境在其后面增添适当的名词，使译文符合译语的表达习惯。例如： to develop 发展 development 发展水平（状况） to persuade 说服 persuasion
5、 说服工作 to prepare 准备 preparation 准备工作 poor 贫穷的 poverty 贫困状态 emergent 紧急的 emergency 紧急情况 tense 紧张的 tension 紧张局势,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,翻译抽象名词时要适当增词 (2) They are sanguine about building up a near peace. 他们对建立一种准和平局面非常乐观。After all preparations were made, the planes flew across the U.S. to San Francisco. 一切准备工作就
6、绪之后，飞机便飞越美国，直达旧金山。 In the summer of 1969, the Administration publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 1969年夏天，政府公开主张缓和同中国的紧张关系。 Profanity was tacitly given up. 亵渎神灵的粗话全都心照不宣地放弃了。 These fighters are able to cope with various emergencies. 这些战士们能对付各种各样的紧急情况。,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,在形容词前后加上它所说明的名词 在翻译英语
7、形容词时，为了使译文清楚流畅，有时需要在形容词前后增加所说明的名词。She was small and slight in person, pale, sandy-haired. 她身材瘦小，脸色苍白，头发是淡黄色的。 These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient. 这些早期生产的汽车速度缓慢，操作笨拙，而且效率很低。 The invention of the electronic word processor was as great an information revolution as the invention of the
8、printing press. 电子文字处理器的发明是一场信息革命，它的重大意义可以与印刷机的发明相媲美。值得注意的是，一些由形容词派生来的名词和副词也要增补适当的词语。如： Amelia took the news very palely and calmly. 埃米丽亚获悉这个消息的时候，脸色苍白，神情镇静。,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,具体名词表抽象概念时也要增加适当的名词 He felt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感到爱国热情在胸中激荡。He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge
9、, and declared his own son guilty. 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，判决他儿子有罪。 上述例句1和例句2均包含借代辞格（metonymy）。1中的the patriot 指代爱国激情或爱国热情，2中的the father和 the judge 分别指代父子情感和法官职责。,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,有些动词用作名词，应根据语境补上适当的宾语 After his return, Triptolemus built a magnificent temple to Ceres in Eleusis, and established the worship of t
10、he goddess, under the name of the Eleusinian mysteries, which, in the splendor and solemnity of their observance, surpassed all other religious celebrations among the Greeks. 特里普拖勒墨斯回到家乡之后，为刻瑞斯在埃莱夫西斯修建了一座宏伟的庙宇，并确立了对女神的崇拜，即埃莱夫西斯神秘祭典。在希腊人中间，纪念刻瑞斯的祭典活动在气派和庄严方面都超过了其他一切宗教庆祝活动。 A domestic robot which can
11、be left indoors to clean carpets could bring to a close nearly a century of manual vacuum cleaning. 一种可以清洁居室地毯的家用机器人有可能结束将近一个世纪以来人们自己动手用真空吸尘器清洁居室的历史。,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,增补某些固定词组的隐含语义成分 air alarm 空中袭击警报 （不是空中警报） electricity cut 减少电能供应 （不是电能减少） solid engine 固体燃料发动机 （不是固体发动机） logical computer 逻辑程序计算机 （不是逻辑
12、计算机）,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,增加原文暗含的动词 (1) 根据原文的具体语境和译文的习惯表达，有时必须在英语的名词前后增加必要的动词。 In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts, and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the draftingof the final communiqu. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。 They had been through it all at his side the bruising b
13、attles, the humiliation of the defeat. 他们始终站在他的一边，经历过残酷的撕杀，忍受过辛酸的失败 A recent wave of high-tech renovation in agriculture promises to make the green revolution of the 1960s look like a backyard vegetable garden. 最近掀起的农业高技术革新浪潮有可能使得60年代的绿色革命看上去犹如后院的植物园一样，一点也不引人瞩目。,译文中增加原文词语暗含的意思,增加原文暗含的动词 (2)In some y
14、ears, April bursts upon our Virginia hills in one prodigious leap and all the stage is filled at once, whole choruses of tulips, arabesques of forsythia, cadenzas of flowering plum. 有几年的四月猛然一跃，突然来到了弗吉尼亚的山坡上 转眼到处生机勃勃。郁金香盛开宛如张嘴欢唱的合唱队，连翘构成了阿拉伯式图案，洋李花儿灿烂，争奇斗妍，独具特色。 There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. 没有人发表演说，没有外国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场景。,
