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1、,四级考试之翻译篇,汉译英技巧,翻译题型简介：原单句汉译英调整为段落汉译英。翻译内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等。四级长度为140-160个汉字;六级长度为180-200个汉字。,一、译文必须符合英语语法 英语以谓语动词为核心，共有三种轴心结构。英语千变万化的句式，都是从这三种轴心句式结构中演变出来的。1、主系表2、主谓宾3、There be 在 “there be” 句型中，动词除 be 之外，还可以由 seem, appear, stand, lie, get, become, arise, come, seem/appear to be 等担任。e.g. In theory t
2、here seems to be no problem in supplying this amount of water.从理论上讲，供应这么多水似乎不成问题。,随着国民经济和国防事业的发展，对通信提出了新的要求。As our national economy and national defense develop, there arises a new demand for communication.英语句子还有定语修饰(动词不定式、分词短语、定语从句、介词短语等)、壮语修饰(动词不定式，分词短语，壮语从句，介词短语，独立主格成分等)以及时态、语态、语气、语序、强调、插入等变化。首先要
3、确定这些变化，才能正确传达原文意义。,1、确定句型 昨天晚上我看见史密斯先生走进了实验室。(状主谓宾宾补)Yesterday evening I saw Mr. Smith enter the laboratory. 刚买的那台机器似乎出了毛病。(there be)There seems something wrong with the newly-bought machine. 牛奶变酸了。(主系表)The milk turns sour.,2、语态变化Mr. Smith was seen to enter the laboratory yesterday evening.3、语气变化不然，
4、我昨天晚上就会看见史密斯先生走进实验室。Otherwise, I would have seen Mr. Smith enter the laboratory yesterday evening.,4、增加定语、状语、修饰成分昨天晚上我路过教学大楼时，我看见史密斯先生身穿白衣服、头戴白帽子，走进了实验室。Passing by the classroom building yesterday evening, I saw Mr. Smith dressed in white, wearing a white hat, enter the laboratory.,5、句子组合如果句子中出现了两个或
5、以上的“主-谓”结构，要考虑译为并列句、复合句、或独立结构。E.g. 昨天晚上我看见了那个据说已经去了国外的史密斯先生进了实验室，但是我的同伴却没看见他走。 Yesterday evening I saw Mr. Smith enter the laboratory, who was said to have gone abroad, but my companion didnt.,汉语无主句的翻译,(一)动宾结构的无主句可译为被动语态。例如：没有爱心，就无法了解人生。Life cannot be understood without much charity(二)采用英语的存在句来译。例如：
6、要发展就要变，不变就不会发展。Development means change；without change，there can be no development 街角躺着一个病重的老人。There lies at the corner of the street an old man who is seriously ill.,三)采用英语的倒装句来译。例如：远处传来悲壮的芦笛声。In the distance sounded a solemn，stirring reed flute. (四)采用英语的祈使句。例如： 量体裁衣，看菜吃饭。Fit the dress to the figur
7、e and fit the appetite to the dishes (五)采用英语的形式主语。例如： 要解决问题，还须作系统而周密的调查工作和研究工作。In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study,正说反译法和反说正译法(negation)-是指在翻译过程中把原文中的肯定说法变成译文中的否定说法，或把原文中的否定说法变成译文中的肯定说法。决不辜负全国和全世界人民对我们的期望。Live up to the expectations
8、 of our own people and the people throughout the world.,习惯用语极其常见译法,人们（有人、大家）认为 It is considered (or: thought) that 普遍（一般、通常）认为 It is generally (usually) accepted (or: agreed, recognized) that 有人（人们、大家）相信It is believed that 大家知道（众所周知） It is well-known that,据说（有人说） It is said that 据悉（说） It is learned
9、that 据推测 It is supposed that 据估计（预计） It is estimated (predicted, calculated) that 据报道（告） It is reported that ,可见（可以看出） It will be seen that 由此可见 It will be seen from this that 不用说（谁都知道） It is understood that 无可否认 It cannot be denied that 已经证明 It has been proved (or: demonstrated) that,可以肯定 It may be
10、 confirmed that 可以有把握地说 It may be safely said that 人们有时会问 It is sometimes asked that 人们希望 It is expected (hoped) that 必须（应该）承认 It must (should) be admitted that 必须指出 It must be pointed out that ,Sample 1,三国演义由罗贯中创作于14世纪，是一部中国历史题材小说，小说以汉朝末年和三国时期的历史演变为背景，叙述了在这个动荡（turbulent）时期发生的一系列重大事情。整个故事情节从公元168年开始
11、一直到公元280年领土统一（reunification）时结束。小说篇幅长达80万字，分为120个章节，共描述了1191个人物角色，堪称中国文学史上四大经典小说之一。,Key to sample 1,Romance of Three Kingdoms, written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century, is a Chinese historical novel based on events in the turbulent years near the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms era
12、, starting in AD 168 and ending with the reunification of the land in AD 280. It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, with a grand total of 800,000 words,1191 characters, and 120 chapters.,Sample 2,秧歌舞(Yangko)是中国汉族的一种传统民间舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装(costume
13、)，他们的表演动作有力而迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣(gong)鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上观看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同时他们也乐在其中。,Key to sample 2,The Yanggo dance is a traditional folk dance of the Han Chinese, commonly performed in the northern provinces. Yangko dancers usually wear bright and colorful
14、costumes, and their movements are vigorous and quick. During holidays such as lunar New Year and the Lantern Festival, as soon as people hear the sound of drums and gongs they swarm into the streets to watch Yangko dance performances, no matter how cold it is outside.,Key to sample 2,In recent years
15、, elderly people in some cities in Northeast China have been organizing themselves into Yangko teams, with the dancers mostly enjoying themselves while keeping fit all year round.,Sample 3,公元220年开始的300年里，中国分成了三个小王国。一个是魏国，位于中国北部，由曹氏家族（the Tsao family）统治。还有一个王国叫作蜀汉（Shu Han），位于中国的西南部，由刘备统治。另外一个王国叫作吴国，位
16、于中国的东南部，由孙权（Sun Chuan）统治。中国文化里最伟大的书籍之一三国演义（the Romance of the Three Kingdoms）就是关于这段时间的。,Key to sample 3,For three hundred years starting in 220 AD, China was divided into three smaller kingdoms. One kingdom that lies in north, was called Wei, and it was ruled by the Tsao family. The second kingdom was called Shu Han, and it was ruled by Liu Bei. It was in the south-west part of China , the third kingdom was called Wu, and it was ruled by Sun Chuan. Wu was in the south-east part of China. One of the great books of Chinese literature, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, is about this time.,
