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1、独立主格结构,Absolute Construction,独立主格结构由名词或代词加上其他成分（分词、不定式、名词、代词、形容词、副词或介词短语）构成，在语法上是一个独立的短语，不是句子，在意思上依附于整个句子，具有以下特点： 1、独立主格结构的作用相当于状语从句，可以表示时 间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况。 2、独立主格结构可置于句首，也可放在句末。 3、独立主格结构主要用于书面语。 4、独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子主语不同，不指同 一个人或同一事物。 5、独立主格结构要用逗号与句子的主体部分分隔开来,定义,名词/主格代词+分词,The guests having left, he be
2、gan to take a short rest.All things considered, her paper is of greater value than yours.It being Sunday, I didnt go to school.,功能类似于分词短语作状语，只是分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，而独立主格中的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或代词。名词或代词通常为现在分词所表示的动作的执行者，与现在分词构成逻辑的主谓关系；为过去分词所表示的动作的承受者，与过分分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表关系。,Generally speaking, men can run faster than w
3、omen. 一般说,男人比妇女跑得快。Judging from/by his expression, hes in a bad mood. 从他的表情来判断，他情绪不好。Ill lend you the money providing you pay it back before Easter. 我可以借给你钱，条件是复活节以前你必须还我。Supposing there was a war, what would you do? 假设发生战争，你怎么办？,有一些常见的表达方式不受”分词短语的逻辑主语和主句的主语一致”这条规则的限制,Considering everything, it wasn
4、t a bad holiday. 考虑到各种情况，这次假日过得不错。Taking everything into consideration, they ought to be given another chance. 考虑到各种因素，他们应该得到另一次机会。Given her interest in children, teaching seems the right job for her. 考虑到她喜欢孩子，教书看来是很适合她的工作。,名词/主格代词+不定式,名词或代词是不定式动作的执行者，与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系， 这种结构可位于句末或句首。多表示将来的行为，表示“企图”、“约定
5、”等，指的是按计划安排要做的事。,The exam to be held tomorrow, I couldnt go to the cinema tonight.He invited us to see a film, he himself to buy the tickets.,名词/主格代词+形容词/副词,形容词或副词在独立主格结构中常用来说明名词或代词性质特征及所处状态、表伴随或对细节起补充作用 。形容词与名词或代词之间逻辑上有主表关系。,He entered the room, his nose (being) red with cold.Our lessons (being) ov
6、er, we went to play football.,名词/主格代词+介词短语,A、（with）限定词+名词+介词+限定词+名词 B、名词+介词+名词,The master was walking up and down the classroom, (with) the iron ruler under his arm.the children came running towards us, (with) flowers in their hands.Last night I followed him here, and climbed in, sword in hand.,介词短语
7、常用来说明名词或代词的特征或所处的状态。,名词/主格代词+名词,逻辑主语与后面所跟名词在逻辑上有主谓关系，表伴随或进一步补充说明。,He fought the robber, a stick his only weapon.,There being+名词,There being no buses, they walked to the theatre.There being no cause for fear, he returned to his hometown.,介词+宾语+宾补(介词复合结构),They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights burning.He lay in bed with his head covered.Dont sleep with light on.With many people to help, he is sure to succeed.The old pine tree still stood there like an umbrella covering the entrance.,
