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1、Interpersonal Funtion(a case study),人际功能定义 人际功能指的是语言除具有讲话者的亲身经历的功能外，还具有表达讲话者的身份、地位、态度、动机和说话者对事物的推断、判断和评价的功能。即人们用言语来和别人交往、建立人际关系，并且同时表达自己对现实和内心世界的看法，甚至影响他人的看法和行为。在系统语法中，人际功能包括三个方面的内容：语气系统、情态意义和评价系统。,例(1), 以下语篇选自美国总统乔治.W.布什的就职演说：(A ) Together, we will reclaim America s schools, before ignorance and ap
2、athy claim more young lives.( B)We will reform Social Security and Medicare, sparing our children from struggles we have the power to prevent. And we will reduce taxes, to recover the momentum of our economy and reward the effort and enterprise of working Americans.( C)We will build our defenses bey
3、ond challenge, lest weakness invite challenge.( D)We will confront weapons of mass destruction, so that a new century is spared new horrors.,语气：在演讲中, “给予”和 “求取”这两种言语角色表现得非常明显。一方面演讲者向听众提供某种信息, 表明自己的态度和主张; 另一方面要求或呼吁听众采取行动, 按照演讲者的意图去做事。布什通过就职演说呼吁民众加强团结, 积极参与国家和社区事务。布什的这篇演说中绝大部分使用的是陈述语气, 共有 204句, 占整篇演讲的
4、 98%, 这主要是因为演讲语篇涉及“信息“ 和 “服务“两种形式的交换。,情态：情态是人际意义中的重要组成部分之一, 是讲话者对自己所讲的命题的成功性和有效性的判断, 或在命题中要求对方承担的义务, 或在提议中要表达的个人意愿。广义的情态还包括意态，情态涉及的是信息, 意态涉及的是货物和服务。情态从程度上大体可归为三种: 高-中-低在表述可能性时, 涉及到消息的可靠程度可分为: 可能的-很可能的-确定的。在整篇 “演说 ”中, will出现 20次, can出现 3次, should和 would分别出现 1次。 “can”、“must”大量 选取了“will”向听众表达他对未来充满自信心和
5、对全民大众的许诺,希望人们能够信任他, 以赢得民心。他也多次使用“can” “ must”, 主要是因为乔治. W. 布什是侥幸击败对手, 美国的政治背景不稳定, 为了抚平竞选 中造成的隔阂, 所以他用“can”和 “ must”来说服民众相信自已”能够”, “必须”做任何事情, 以此赢得他人信任。Question: 语篇中的称呼语由哪些因素决定的？,例(2),以下语篇选自一则商业广告语Skin that shines,that radiates with that healthy glow. It can happen with Nouvisage. Start applying the m
6、ask at the eyes and nose first, youll find the Nouvisage Deep-Hydration MaskClings to your face like a second skin. Using Nouvisage on a regular basis can bring back the appearance of younger healthier looking skin.When you order now, youll also receive as our special gift to you, a bonus of 16 shap
7、es at no extra cost. call our 24-hour hot line 1833311 today, the New Visage month of beauty can be yours and too easy installments of only 275 HK$.,语气：本语篇大部分使用陈述语气，提供产品、服务的相关信息。 情态：英语情态动词在英语商业广告的情态系统中使用广泛， 它们不仅帮助表达了商家对产品或服务的观点和态度，而且 在实现引导消费者购买这一广告目标方面也起着十分重要 的作用。广告的第一部分是对产品本身的介绍，用 can和wil说明了产品可能在消费
8、者身上产生的不俗功效，促使消费者对产品以及商家产生认可与信心，为消费欲望的产生创造了充分条件。其第二部分则是说明顾客如马上订货即可以得到产品以及额外的礼物，这时 can 和 will 的使用则是刺激和鼓励消费者产生购买意图的直接信号，极具诱惑力与号召力。因此，can 和 will 的反复使用，既对消费者“晓之以理”，表达了商家对产品功效的观点和态度，又对其“动之以情”，刺激和引导消费者对产品进行购买，在情感上很有感染力。,例(3) 对话语篇的分析 The Sound of music （sister Margaretta tells Maria that she is expected by
9、the Reverend Mother in her office . Maria follows her in .） Reverend Mother: Youve been unhappy, Im sorry. Maria: Reverend Mother R.M: Why did they send you back to us? Maria: They didnt send me back, Mother, I left R.M: Sit down, Maria. Tell me what happened. Maria: Well, II was frightened. R.M: Fr
10、ightened? Were they unkind to you? Maria: Oh no . I was confused. I feltI never felt that way before. I couldnt stay and I knew if I would be away from it ,Ill be safe. R.M: Maria, our Abbey is not used to ba as an escape. What is it that you cant face?,Maria: I cant face him again. R.M: Him?(to sis
11、ter Margaretta) Thank you, Sister Margaretta.(Sister Margaretta leaves the room.) Captain von Trapp? Are you in love with him? Maria: I dont know , I dont know. The Baroness said I was. She said that he was in love with me, but I didnt want to believe it. Oh, there were times when we looked at each
12、other. Oh, Mother, I could hardly breathe. R.M: Did you let him see how you felt? Maria: If I did, I didn;t know it. Thats whats been torturing me. I was there on Gods errand. To have asked for his love would have been wrong. I couldnt stay, I just couldnt. I am ready at this moment to take my vows
13、Please help me. R.M: Maria, the love of a man and a woman is holy too. You have a great capacity to love. What you must find our is how God wants you to spend your love.,Maria: But Ive pledged my life to God . Ive pledged my life to his service. R.M: My daughter, if you love this man, it doesnt mean
14、 you love God less. Now you must find out。 You must go back. Maria: Oh mother, you cant ask me to do that. Please let me stay. I beg you.R.M: Maria, these walls were not built to shut problems . You have to fave themYou have to live the life you were born to live,语篇分析的目的：从语气和意态成分的使用，观察院长嬷嬷如何劝说玛利亚回到冯
15、.特拉普舰长身边及院长嬷嬷的性格特点。 语气： 语气系统的第一个层次有陈述语气和祈使语气的区别，如果选择了陈述语气，还可进一步选择叙述语气或疑问语气；如果选择祈使语气，还可进一步选择是否包括说话者或不包括说话者，而且在每种情况下，说话者和听话者都担任不同的角色，担负不同的社会功能。这段对话中，院长嬷嬷使用了2个祈使句（sit down, Please tell me what happened）和8个疑问句（带有问号的句子）以及5次表示高量质义务的情态动词（三个must,2个have to）,评论祈使句和大量疑问句以及表示高量质义务情态动词的使用，是这个语篇的文体特点。院长嬷嬷是2个祈使句和8
16、个疑问句的发话人，玛利亚是动作的执行者和问题的回答者，说明这两个参加对话的人的社会地位是不一样的：一个是修道院的院长，有较大的权利，玛利亚是一名见习修女，处于较低的位置。正是通过这种语气，院长嬷嬷控制了他们对话的内容和走向，也正是通过这8个问题，她才了解玛利亚的内心活动，了解她苦恼的原因，这就是这两种语气在语篇中的语言功能。同时他们又是生活在修道院这样一个大家庭中，他们的关系就比较接近，比如他们互相称呼“母亲”“女儿”，而且玛利亚还是把自己爱上了冯.特拉普的内心秘密告诉了院长嬷嬷。因而我们可以说，这两种语气和有关词汇的使用，成功地刻画了一个善良、有着丰富经验的修道院院长的性格和素质。另外，祈使语气和5次表示高量质译文的情态动词must, have to的使用，解释了对话的另一个含义：虽然院长嬷嬷的话语很友好，但她的话却有着权威性，说话有很重的分量，她的语气会使玛利亚感到她是代表上帝在说话，因而自己顺从上帝的意志，回到冯. 特拉普的身边。,
