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1、Verb Tense in Scientific writting,Members： 郭见桥 许安华 侯孝龙 张豪龙 俞国勋 宋波,Team： Acceleration,The necessary for proper use of verb tenses,构成英语句子的核心是其谓语，而谓语的关键是所用动词的时态。因此，在进行英文文字加工的过程中，必须对谓语动词的时态给予特殊的关注,The core of the English sentence is verb and the key of the verb is the proper use of tenses. So,in the pro
2、cess of conducting the English text ，we should give special attention to verb tenses。,a bad newsa good news,Bad news:Tense english (l6种),1. the present tense 一般现在时 2. the past tense 一般过去时 3. the future tense 一般将来时 4. the Present Perfect Tense 现在完成时 5. the Past Perfect Tense 过去完成时 6. the past Continu
3、ous Tense 过去进行时 7. the future continuous tense 将来进行时 8. the past future continuous tense 过去将来进行时,9. the past future tense 一般过去将来时 10. the present continuous tense 现在进行时 11. the future perfect tense 将来完成时 12.the past future perfect tense 过去将来完成时 13. the present perfect continuous tense现在完成进行时 14.the
4、past perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时 15. the future perfect continuous tense 将来完成进行时 16.the past future perfect continuous tense过去将来完成进行时,good news,In scientific paper writing ,there are only two kinds of tense -the present tense and the past tense being used frequently .Sometimes ,you will say“ hi
5、“ to the the future tense , the Present Perfect Tense( 现在完成时) and the Past Perfect Tense (过去完成时).但在英语科技论文中用得较为频繁的只有两种：即一般现在时和一般过去时。现在完成时、过去完成时和一般将来时有时也会用到。,something important in textbook (p191193),1. whenever you state previously published findings,ethics requirres you to treat the work with respec
6、t.you do this by using the present tense.,because when a scientific paper has validly published in a primary journal ,it thereby becomes knowledge.when you are referring to established knowledge you would do this just as you would say “The Earth is round.“,1.2 but if previously published results hav
7、e been poven false by later experiments,the use of past rather than present tense would be appropriate. 例子：Nineteenth-century physicians held that women got migraines（偏头痛） because they were “the weaker ,“ but current research shows that the causes of migraine are unrelated to gender.,2. Your own pre
8、sent work must be referred to in the past tense .Your work is not presumed to be established knowledge until after it has been published .,Tense in IMRAD,1.Most of the Abstract should be in the past tense ,because you are referring to your own present results.Likewise, the Materials and Methods and
9、Results shoud be in the past tense ,as you described what you did and what you found .,2.On the other hand much of the Introduction and much of the Discussion should be in the present tense ,because these often emphasize previously established knowledge .Sometimes in the last of the paper you will f
10、ind a short part named Conclusions.In this part you will summarize your study briefly .So most of this paragraph would use the past tense .,Abstract（摘要）,摘要也称为内容提要，是对论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述.应将论文的研究体系、主要方法、重要发现、主要结论等，简明扼要地加以概括。一般100250个英文单词,摘要的构成要素：,研究目的准确描述该研究的目的，说明提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围和重要性。研究方法简要说明研究课题的基本设计，结论是
11、如何得到的。 结果简要列出该研究的主要结果，有什么新发现，说明其价值和局限。叙述要具体、准确并给出结果的置信值。结论简要地说明经验，论证取得的正确观点及理论价值或应用价值，是否还有与此有关的其它问题有待进一步研究，是否可推广应用等。,摘要中的时态：介绍背景资料时，如果句子的内容是普遍事实，应使用现在式；如果句子的内容为对某种研究趋势的概述，则使用现在完成式。 在叙述研究目的或主要研究活动时，如果采用“论文导向”，多使用现在式（如：This paper presents.）；如果采用“研究导向”，则使用过去式（如：This study investigated.）。,概述实验程序、方法和主要结果
12、时，通常用过去式如：we evaluated a new application of guayule resin as a plant-based material for use in the microencapsulation of bioactive volatiles for non-food purposes.。 叙述结论或建议时，可使用现在式、臆测动词或may, should, could等助动词，如：We suggest that climate instability in the early part of the last interglacial may have.。
13、,Introduction（引言）,主要叙述自己写作的目的或研究的宗旨，使读者了解和评估研究成果。主要内容包括：介绍相关研究的历史、现状、进展，说明自己对已有成果的看法，以往工作的不足之处，以及自己所做研究的创新性或重要价值；说明研究中要解决的问题、所采取的方法，必要时须说明采用某种方法的理由；介绍论文的主要结果和结构安排,引言的时态运用,叙述有关现象或普遍事实和对其他人研究成果的引用时，句子的主要动词多使用现在时，如：“little is known about X”或“little literature is available on X”。描述特定研究领域中最近的某种趋势，或者强调表示某
14、些“最近”发生的事件对现在的影响时，常采用现在完成时，如：“few studies have been done on X”或“little attention has been devoted to X”。,Materials and Methods（材料和方法）,说明实验的对象、条件、使用的材料、实验步骤或计算的过程、公式的推导、模型的建立等。对过程的描述要完整具体，符合其逻辑步骤，以便读者重复实验。对方法的描述要详略得当如果方法新颖、且不曾发表过，应提供所有必需的细节；如果所采用的方法已经公开报道过，引用相关的文献即可,时态与语态的运用：,若描述的内容为不受时间影响的事实，采用一般现在时
15、，如： A twin-lens reflex camera is actually a combination of two separate camera boxes。 若描述的内容为特定、过去的行为或事件，则采用过去式，如：The work was carried out on the Imperial College gas atomizer, which has been described in detail elsewhere4,5。,Results（结果）,本部分描述研究结果，它可自成体系，读者不必参考论文其它部分，也能了解作者的研究成果本部分还可以包括对实验结果的分类整理和对比
16、分析等。,时态的运用：,指出结果在哪些图表中列出，常用一般现在时，如：Figure 2 shows the variation in the temperature of the samples over time.。 叙述或总结研究结果的内容为关于过去的事实，所以通常采用过去时，如：After flights of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain.。,对研究结果进行说明或由其得出一般性推论时，多用现在时，如：The higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots may be due to their greater accumulated flying time.。 不同结果之间或实验数据与理论模型之间进行比较时，多采一般现在时（这种比较关系多为不受时间影响的逻辑上的事实），如：These results agree well with the findings of Smith, et al.。,
