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1、短文听写 (Dictation),考试时间：15分钟 总分：15分 共一篇短文，长度约150个词，含15个左右意群，每个意群一分。共朗读四遍：第一，四遍以正常速度朗读，语速为每分钟120个词；第二三遍朗读时意群，分句间会留出15秒,听写的不同形式,1. 标准听写 2. 部分听写 3. 干扰听写 4. 作文听写,1990年第一次专四，听写就是一个测试项目，分值为10分，比重为10%。 1991-1993年，听写分值上升到15分，比重仍为10%。 1994年至今，听写尽管仍为15分，但比重却上升至15%。 答题纸上一般印有标题（也有例外，如2012）。题材广泛但不生僻，体裁多样，可分为叙述性、描写
2、性、说明性的文章，难度适中。 评分标准,（一）主题分析,文体 ：说明文（exposition) 题材广泛： 介绍某物体或事物 介绍某事物发展演变过程 介绍某类人 介绍某现象 介绍节日 介绍语言或技巧 短文的语言难度中等,介绍某物体或事物,7/19（1992-2010） 40%1992 Paperless World1995 Unidentified Flying Objects2002 Disappearing Forests2003 Salmon2005 The Wrist Watch2006 The Internet2007 Advertising,介绍某事物发展演变过程,3/19 18%
3、 1994 Change of the American Family 1998 The Railways in Britain 2004 Money,介绍某类人,2/19 12% 1996 The Medicine Man 2001 Characteristics of a Good Reader,介绍某现象,3/19 18% 1993 Package Holidays 1997 Legal Age for Marriage 2008 Choosing a Career,介绍节日,2/19 1999 United Nations Day 2009 New Years Eve,介绍语言或技巧,
4、2/19 2000 Language 2010 Freshmens Week,（二）测试目的,1. 测试考生听力理解的能力 2. 测试拼写熟练程度 3. 测试正确运用标点符号的能力,（三）错误分析,A. 由音变现象而导致的错误 正确：More energy arrives at the earths surface in an hour than is consumed in the world in a whole year.错误：More energy arrives at the earths surface in a how than is consumed in the world
5、in a whole year.正确:It is up to the tour operator.错误:Its up to the tour operator.正确：Can you imagine how difficult life would become.错误：Can you imagine how difficult life will become.正确:Everywhere we turn, we find paper错误:Everywhere we turn, we fine paper.,常见音变现象:连读,连读，即语速加快时，两个或多个分属不同单词的相邻音连在一起读出的语音现
6、象。常见的连读分为以下三种：辅音+元音 即第一个单词以辅音结尾，下一个单词以元音开头时，两个词连读。 如：out and out sit up look out of辅音+h音 即第一个单词以辅音结尾，下一格单词以清辅音h开头，前一辅音将击穿清辅音h，直接与h后的元音相拼。 如：giver her miss him is he busy字母r+元音 即第一个单词以字母r或者re结尾，下一个单词以元音开头，原本不发音的字母r或者re发辅音r，并与后面的元音相拼。 如：are in there are more and more where am I,2004,Flight 5125 schedu
7、led to take off at 11:30 will be delayed for 20 minutes. Please check in half an hour prior to departure.,常见音变现象:同化,英语口语中，某些音，特别是辅音连读通常发生音变，称作音的同化现象。 常见的同化变音有四个 t+j not yet last year d+j did you could you and you z+j because you seize you s+j suit issue,常见音变现象：弱音,弱音指元音的弱化，即一个单词中的元音在口语中，由于说话速度快或在句中处于
8、次要位置而不发标准读音，变为弱化元音的现象。常见的弱音现象： 长元音弱化为短元音 he been 元音前的辅音省略或辅音前的元音弱读 his have 元音弱化成？ us for,常见音变现象:失去爆破,/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/是英语中的6个爆破音。（爆破音是指发音器官 在口腔中形成阻碍，然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。）在 某些 情况下，发爆破音时，气流不必冲破阻碍 ，而只是发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍，并稍做停顿，即做好发出这个爆破音的准备，但不要发出音来。这类情况就叫做失去爆破或不完全爆破 。,不完全爆破的几种可能,1. /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /
9、k/, /g/这6个爆破音中的任何两个音素相邻时,前者发不完全爆破音,后者则要完全地，彻底地进行爆破。I has a ba(d) col(d) today.You shoul(d) ta(k)e care of the children.Gla(d) to meet you. 2.爆破音/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/在/t?/, /d?/, /?/, /?/的前面时不完全爆破。Have you rea(d) the book about tha(t) child?The thir(d) chair is broken. 3.爆破音/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/,
10、 /k/, /g/在/m/, /n/, /l/, /s/的前面时不完全爆破。 Goo(d) morning, sir.Goo(d) night.They are very frien(d)ly to us.,2009,For many people in the west, New Years Eve is the biggest party of the year. Its time to get together with friends or family and welcome in the coming year.,B.由英美两种发音差异而导致的错误,The fees and cer
11、emonies vary (very) greatly from state and state.Todays family, however, can be composed of diverse combinations.(cambinations)There are carefully scheduled (.)stops.,英音和美音的几大区别,美音中除了Mrs.中的“r”不卷舌之外，只要含有“r”字母的单词均要卷舌。spare burglar purpose chairman horse dirty ladder lecture weather,字母a的发音,ask cant dan
12、ce fast half path chance advantage answer ,字母o的读音,bottle popular odd shop box crop hot polish spot ,美音中/t/ 出现在两个元音之间且处于非重读位置的时候，发音近似/d/,letter matter city better pretty waiter winter chapter .,字母u在l, d, n, t 之后,发音不同,due produce attitude student opportunity supermarket tune stupid .,ile的发音不同,fertile
13、hostile missile textile .,特殊的单词,either neither record dictionary factory laboratory history ,C.同音词与近音词,同音词air-heir,aisle-isle,arent-aunt, bare-bear, brake-break, bred-bread, buy-by, cell-sell, cent-scent, cereal-serial, coarse-course, complement-compliment, dam-damn, dear-deer, die-dye, eight-ate, e
14、ye-I, fair-fare, father-farther, flour-flower, for-four, forth-fourth, groan-grown, hair-hare, heal-heel, hear-here, herd-heard, hole-whole, hour-our, idle-idol, knight-night, knot-not, know-no, knows-nose, knew-new, made-maid, mail-male, wring-ring, meat-meet, one-won, pair-pear, passed-past, peace
15、-piece, plain-pear, poor-pour, pray-prey, principal-principle,profit-prophet,real-reel, right-write-rite, root-route, sail-sale, scene-sen,sea-see, seam-seem, sew-so-sow, sight-site,steal-steel, sun-son,tail-tale, there-their,threw-through,tire-tyre, two-to-two, way-weigh, wear-where, weather-whethe
16、r, week-weak, weight-wait, wood-would,wore-war, worn-warn,近音词,lead-lid, deed-did, peek-pick fool-full, pool-pull cart-cut, heart-hut mass-mess, bad-bed, dad-dead fight-fat, bike-back, lack-like veil-whale, vest-west, vet-wet sign-shine, sigh-shy, same-shame course-cause,fuss-fuzz,house-house,loose-lose worth-worse,path-pass,think-sink thin-thing, sin-sing, ban-bang, right in-writing lace-race, collect-correct, light-right need-lead, night-light,nine-line,
