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1、二、 GATT1994周超 200910例1 关于世界贸易组织与原关贸总协定的区别与联系 ，下列说法错误的是哪几项？ A、原关贸总协定是正式的国际组织，而世界贸 易组织不仅是正式的国际组织，还是永久性国际 组织 B、原关贸总协定主要局限于货物贸易和纺织品 贸易领域，而世界贸易组织还包括农产品贸易与 服务贸易 C、原关贸总协定的许多协定可以选择的接受， 世界贸易组织协定必须一揽子接受，但可以对参 加的协定提出保留 D、原关贸总协定争端解决机制实行完全协商一 致的方式，世界贸易组织争端解决机制采取反向 协商一致的原则，对争端解决规定了时间表。例2 根据WTO的规则，下列哪些选项属于货物贸易领域 国
2、民待遇原则的例外？ A、未参加政府采购协议的成员方政府，在为自 用或公共目的采购货物时，可以优先购买本国产品 B、有关电影片的国内放映数量的规定，即可要求电 影院只能放映一定数量的外国影片 C、只给予某种产品的国内生产者补贴，且这种补贴 符合补贴和反补贴协议以及农产品协议对国 内生产者补贴所作的规定 D、历史遗留的特惠关税安排一、GATT1994的组成 组成: GATT1947的各项条款,不包括临 时适用议定书 ; WTO成立前的关税减让 议定书,各缔约方加入议定书,有关豁免,以及 缔约方全体作出的其他决定性; “乌拉圭回 合”达成的有关条款的6个谅解; 1994年关贸 总协定马拉喀什议定书二
3、、GATT1994原则 Article I: General Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment 1. With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind imposed on or in connection with importation or exportation or imposed on the international transfer of payments for imports or exports, and with respect to the method of levying s
4、uch duties and charges, and with respect to all rules and formalities in connection with importation and exportation, and with respect to all matters referred to in paragraphs 2 and 4 of Article III,* any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted by any contracting party to any product origin
5、ating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other contracting parties.相关案例 加拿大汽车工业措施案， DS142，DS139 Canada Certain Measures Affecting the Automotive Industry 欧盟香蕉案，DS27 European
6、Communities Regime for the Importation, Sale and Distribution of BananasNational TreatmentArt3（2）.The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall not be subject, directly or indirectly, to internal taxes or other internal charge
7、s of any kind in excess of those applied, directly or indirectly, to like domestic products. National Treatment Art3 （4） The products of the territory of any contracting party imported into the territory of any other contracting party shall be accorded treatment no less favourable than that accorded
8、 to like products of national origin in respect of all laws, regulations and requirements affecting their internal sale, offering for sale, purchase, transportation, distribution or use. The provisions of this paragraph shall not prevent the application of differential internal transportation charge
9、s which are based exclusively on the economic operation of the means of transport and not on the nationality of the product.相关案例 日本烈酒案，Japan Alcoholic Beverages II ，DS10，DS11，DS58 加拿大期刊案，Canada-Periodicals, DS31三、 GATT1994 例外条款 （一）属于整个 GATT 原则、规则的例外 1 一般例外 Art 20 Chapeau Subject to the requirement t
10、hat such measures are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade, nothing in this Agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or en
11、forcement by any contracting party of measures:引言三个标准 第一，不在条件相同国家间有武断歧视； 第二，不在条件相同国家间有不正当歧视； 第三，不得对国际贸易构成变相限制。 问题：措施的采取是否允许歧视？具体措施(b) necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health; （ b 项）缔约方采取的为保护人民、动植物生命健康所必 须的措施 (d) necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulations which are not
12、 inconsistent with the provisions of this Agreement, including those （ d 项）为保证与本协定无抵触的法规、条例的执行所必 需的措施 (g) relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources if such measures are made effective in conjunction with restrictions on domestic production or consumption; （ g 项）为保护可能用竭的天然资源的有关措施贸
13、易与环境的典型案例 金枪鱼案 BISD 29 S/91 海龟案 WT/DS138 问题： （1）产品生产过程与产品本身区别？限制产品生 产过程的政策和法律是否适用相似产品的政策法 律？ （2）第20条是否允许一国法律有域外效力？ （3）先审查是否符合20条引言还是具体措施？援引一般例外的条件 第一，要满足一般例外中列举的一种或多 种例外； 第二，实施的措施能达到例外规定的目的 ； 第三，对条件相同的各成员，实施的措施 不得“构成任意的或不合理的歧视待遇，或 构成对国际贸易的变相限制”； 第四，采取的措施是“必需的”。 案例一 【案情介绍】 甲国以保护本国国民健康为理由，决定禁止从乙国 进口含有
14、荷尔蒙的牛肉，但事实上甲国境内并不禁 止此类牛肉的销售；另外，甲国仍然从丙国进口含 荷尔蒙的牛肉。乙国认为其根据 GATT应获得的利益 受到损害，甲国认为其采取的措施为 GATT1994第 20条一般例外所允许，两国对此产生争议 【问题】 甲国的做法是否违反 GATT1994 的原则？ 甲国的行为是否符为 GATT1994 第 20 条所允许？ 4 安全例外 GATT 第 21 条是安全例外，规定缔约方提 供有关国家安全的资料和为国家安全利益 所采取的行动，以及依联合国宪章为维持 国际和平安全采取的行动不受总协定约束 。 Article XXI Security ExceptionsNothi
15、ng in this Agreement shall be construed (a) to require any contracting party to furnish any information the disclosure of which it considers contrary to its essential security interests; or (b) to prevent any contracting party from taking any action which it considers necessary for the protection of
16、 its essential security interests (i) relating to fissionable materials or the materials from which they are derived; （ii)relating to the traffic in arms, ammunition and implements of war and to such traffic in other goods and materials as is carried on directly or indirectly for the purpose of supplying a mi
