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1、海牙规则释义 及其与其他提单法律之比较*1海牙规则制定之背景l普通法上船东的严格责任及订约自由普通法上船东的三大默示义务：l保证船舶绝对适航(Absolute seaworthy)l不得不合理绕航(Unlawful deviation)l尽责速遣(Due despatch)普通法上的免责事由：l天灾；火灾；公敌行为；货物缺陷或包装不良；货物 遭受共同海损牺牲船东的订约自由：提单上的免责条款l后果：动摇了贸易界对提单的信心Date2l哈特法及其影响对提单立法的呼声Harter Act 1893l相对适航义务；航海过失免责；限制订约自由最低义务之限定。哈特法的影响l1904年澳大利亚COGSAl1
2、908年新西兰航运及海员法l1910年加拿大水上运输法Date3l海牙规则的产生英国对制定提单法的态度：l国内立法？民间规则？国际公约？海牙规则的制定和通过英国1924年COGSADate4海牙规则释义Article 1In this convention the following words are employed with the meanings set out below:(a) “Carrier” includes the owner or the charterer who enters into a contract of carriage with a shipper.Da
3、te51、承运人的确定l船东自己作为承运人l船东将船舶出租：承租人提单船东提单既非船东提单，也非租家提单，由船长签发既非船东提单，也非租家提单，由代理人签发lDemise Clause 的效力订约自由？减轻责任的条款？公共政策？Date62、维斯比规则：l未作修改3、汉堡规则、CMC：lCMC Art.42l增加了实际承运人的规定4、运输法草案：l承运人履约方l履约方的范围Date7(b) “Contract of carriage” applies only to contracts of carriage covered by a bill of lading or any similar
4、 document of title, in so far as such document relates to the carriage of goods by sea, including any bill of lading or any similar document as aforesaid issued under or pursuant to a charter party from the moment at which such bill of lading or similar document of title regulates the relations betw
5、een a carrier and a holder of the same.Date81、海牙规则的适用范围（单证）l与Article 10联系起来一起解读l物权凭证（Document of Title）的含义可转让性（Negotiability）l海运单等不可转让单证不适用于海牙规则l不适用于租船契约本身Date92、汉堡规则l提单或作为海上运输契约证明的其他单证 (Art.18)l不适用于租船契约本身（Art.2.2)3、CMCl提单、其他运输单证(Art.80)、租船契约4、运输法草案l所有货物运输合同，但不包括租约（尚未确定 ）l运输单证包括：可转让或不可转让的单证或电 子记录Dat
6、e10(c) “Goods” includes goods, wares, merchandise, and articles of every kind whatsoever except live animals and cargo which by the contract of carriage is stated as being carried on deck and is so carried.Date111、海牙规则不适用于活动物和舱面货l原因l舱面货（甲板货）的含义（条件）实际装载在舱面上合同（提单）明确注明装载在舱面上对集装箱货物的处理2、汉堡规则、CMC、运输法草案l适用
7、于所有货物，包括由货方提供的装运工 具lCMC对舱面货的规定（Art.53）Date12(d) “Ship” means any vessel used for the carriage of goods by seaDate13l只适用于从事货物运输的船舶l须为海船包括与海相通的可航水域（Navigabel Waters）Date14(e) “Carriage of goods” covers the period from the time when the goods are loaded on to the time they are discharged from the ship.
8、Date151、承运人的责任期间l钩到钩原则（Tackle to Tackle），或舷到舷原则（Rail to Rail）l对于原油、天然气等运输驳管至驳管l对装前卸后的责任扩展：Article 7Date162、汉堡规则l承运人掌管之下的全部期间（Art.4）3、CMCl区分集装箱货物和非集装箱货物Date17Article 2Subject to the provisions of Article 6, under every contract of carriage of goods by sea the carrier, in relation to the loading, hand
9、ling, stowage, carriage, custody, care and discharge of such goods, shall be subject to the responsibilities and liabilities and entitled to the rights and immunities hereinafter set forth. Date18l本条规定了公约的效力l应与Article 5、Article 6、Article 7、Article 8 一起理解Date19Article 31. The carrier shall be bound b
10、efore and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to(a) Make the ship seaworthy.(b) Properly man, equip and supply the ship.(c) Make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and
11、 reservation.Date201、适航的分类l绝对适航l谨慎处理使船舶适航l无本人参予过失的适航2、适航的标准谨慎处理（克尽职责）l须克尽职责的人不限于承运人本人，还包括 其代理人、雇佣人和其他就此向承运人负责 的人。Date213、适航的内容l船体结构安全 船舶证书l船员配备足够、适当 船员证书l妥善装备船舶及配备供应品 海图、燃料l船舱适货4、谨慎处理使船舶适航的时间l开航前和开航当时Date225、关于适航的举证责任l承运人需举证证明在开航前和开航当时已做到谨慎处理，或货损与不适航无关，而是因其他免责事项引起Date236、其他提单法律关于适航的规定l维斯比规则、CMC：同海牙规
12、则（CMC Art.47）l汉堡规则：介于海牙规则与绝对适航之间承运人承担举证责任Date242. Subject to the provisions of Article 4, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried.Date251、承运人的管货义务l何谓“妥善”？客观方法l何谓“谨慎”？主观态度l管货过失与管船过失的不同后果Date262、其他提单法律对于承运人管货义务的规定l维斯比规则、CMC、运输
13、法草案：同海牙规则l汉堡规则：较海牙规则严格（举证责任在承运人）Date273. After receiving the goods into his charge the carrier or the master or agent of the carrier shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading showing among other things(a) The leading marksas the same are furnished in writing by the shipp
14、er(b) Either the number of packages or pieces, or the quantity, or weight, as the case may be, as furnished in writing by the shipper.(c) The apparent order and condition of the goods.Date28Provided that no carrier, master or agent of the carrier shall be bound to state or show in the bill of lading
15、 any marks, number, quantity, or weight which he has reasonable ground for suspecting not accurately to represent the goods actually received, or which he has had no reasonable means of checking.Date291、承运人的签发提单的义务l签发提单的前提l谁有义务签发提单2、提单的记载事项l货物标志l货物的件数或重量或体积l货物的外表状况Date303、承运人拒绝在提单上作有关记载的条件l合理怀疑，或l无法
16、测量Date314. Such a bill of lading shall be prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods as therein described in accordance with paragraph 3(a), (b), and (c).Date321、提单（记载事项）的证据效力l表面证据（初步证据）l承运人可提出反证2、维斯比规则对提单证据效力的修改l转让后：绝对证据（conclusive evidence)3、其他提单法律关于提单证据效力的规定l同维斯比规则Date335. The shipper shall be deemed to have
