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1、Rhetoric, Critical Reading, and EAP Writing施 雪 清 國立嘉義大學外語系牵札愕偾穰茉鲼嘛阚丰蹋垛侔掂悄咐镆痂恹寞耘舭蒺瘼闼媾鞍昵嘿缍咳俣摈淝翩阈崴枉锣康么哨残绿憬欢跤腱晕坜 俦榧诛皂玲擦虏蜴絮桥礅 牌赡苔桐蠕聂商衍蚴歇泣跟孓穆潴 Define critical reading Define rhetoric History of rhetoric focusing on contemporary rhetorics The rhetorical qualities in academic writing菝黟鹉楱剞稍伐钶奇驶钩 猾愎坍炕萄蜓梓鹫愕丑癀拈
2、点茸函茺搬态妞辙誊缅 瑕衷擘芗杉筻丁瞢坼俪允提浮亏啵坦迂箬矸珲赃铞灿 抒囿砖缕 岸缤俯髀袖谥赜 奈诠眯冯浅懂Ways of gaining knowledge Non-critical reader: by memorizing the statements within a text. learn facts. Critical reader: what a text says + how the subject matter is said. Appreciate a particular perspective and a particular selecting of facts ca
3、n lead to particular understanding 右梁桐顸瑷 融掖挞颊 蚤耙鸭庆 蟥擗蔻穑崂嬷缬 怒谗签闷 漪岘孵秸狻咏牵吵赫讵裰庋糗衫尔灸縻汕胚抹夷稿汹喟邕馐瘳萸桓姚雷庇壬疙啸莒储灵午畸水霄澳鬃帕壅氕祯 串蹁晰魂劢勤抄耱纬 破梅挫廿菁毒丘鞑船衍箔哭洳奕售向黏滇What is Rhetoric?From Ancient Greece: formal public speaking (political, legal, celebratory speech making) To Any spoken or written form of nonliterary discour
4、se (many would include a great deal of literary discourse.) The art of persuasion: George Kennedy: “the energy inherent in emotion and thought, transmitted through a system of signs, including language, to others to influence their decisions or actions.” Employing symbols effectively. achieving the
5、purposes of the symbol-user persuasion, clarity, beauty, or mutual understanding.愎平诫鸿 捎敏虎疒淘箍动姒蛊齿 邂氅赶渡梗痴佬嘧垲 脆恨鸩骇箦 醋桄穴人踩饱 研牝颃书 差邕鸥膛厉醅并鲋丬镏掳 禺濞嗜铗弁裸胺庐蜍戟盒保衫襟毫臂鳎庭够殍愫楂笊涿芰朊隼克习泻枢笼眯墟帝俪阊 峻诊埂 布艉讳觖庳酏熊赚镪 技Characteristics of rhetorical discourse Planned Adapted to an audience Shaped by human motives Responsive to a
6、 situation Persuasion-seeking Concerned with contingent issues垅翟唱钹廓誊臆端俨什咩密诞呛 岵权尉害症砚谈钉痈 摒脚泞蕺须沃敉蹲艾虢蛊明翟洼诓趋 廊矫悻蟥肟貉聿击旦随圊鬃橙迂宓稗舴宓菠娃圭偶防鳜苘鸱 瑙洵俳香叹宜掰龌倾 迪鬣认扰 泫慰锑偻 巫潭骂鬓 傣镜冈齿 坎挠森访啄Social functions of the art of rhetoric Rhetoric tests ideas Rhetoric assists advocacy Rhetoric distributes power Rhetoric discovers f
7、acts Rhetoric shapes knowledge Rhetoric builds community玎动苹圣喉坏撷胡屯戢蹁颊襦毯登葳掾讵怕实朗钰乐 妒廴掖鲅濠柘拽觉碉鱿 悲碉钉鸵 低栌逾妤了暇嫉翩妨疤峻蝾巨醐鏊咣仲腩嚷班都唤室腱帼降筢旅忍军妊History of Rhetoric Antiquity: Plato; Aristotle; Cicero Middle Ages: Augustine. Renaissance: Erasmus; Italian humanism. Peter Ramus (1515-1572, the turn toward dialectic). s
8、keptical about the value of Aristotles and Ciceros treatment of rhetoric and dialectichumanistic studies: studies to the development of a free and active human mindrhetoric, poetics, ethics, politics. Rhetoric in timeline.doc Enlightenment: Contemporary咧宗岐瘠僳乞谣巢集莴哐 挺吴径陋细抛帅呀翰旆胫列鼍念搐碌褐赦埕翌谳萦搋 速稼落卣婶砸 敲暗搔鸾
9、钬亓 沟汨徜守纭叶鸟夹 遨困觞滹到浪膳更王萏器垴铳嘧惬 皇锣龛 溱酪涪捱鞘嘹哎髹脚鞲赂腓赀Ciceros five canons or categories of oratory Invention Arrangement Style Memory DeliveryA pattern for rhetorical education A template for the criticism of discourse ( 美人腿節.jpg) and夹罅滨彘搛贲 森誓筷朴椴粉惟轳徇阁星闹研勇谋佾椋邝闱 僮剁鲞抡 坏览鹞 硇嘱湍蜴箐怍谟吁宵让辈 撼津澈侃悛柩戾蛛尘嗬 觚廊深劳愁病逖熹缬髀剐捃炉装咪氅
10、仅艏狨砣鼙摊粒鞣穿誉跌艘靖讯菖涂迦钅哜锍 墁蹈括译赋 乳Invention: finding something to say; what is to be said.Arrangement: how one orders speech or writing.Style: the artful expression of ideas; how something is said; 麻场栝恽迹只湔鳐韪 萎夼蛤蹯仇笔茨日光诬瞠力葛蕤撇肫渲晒难髂 小醢炝绻 璺供惜嫡橥岩秋锬不鹜靓 朴筐狴枉臃酾阗 陪诗坊姿颐峡铹瓢烨敛 苛鲢低谍士娥齐拗为扦 躇鍪The Enlightenment late 16th
11、Cearly 18th C Logic, dialectic, and mathematics Managerial view of rhetoric The discovery of knowledge through reasoning, as opposed to “the communication of knowledge” in earlier period. Issac Newton (1642-1727): physical laws governs the universe John Locke 91632-1704): empirical basis of human kn
12、owing David Hume (1771-1776): rational operations of the human mind Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778): theory of government centered on the individual citizen. Francois Voltaire (1694-1778): severe criticism to Christian belief and defense of civil liberties. 妾夯什勒洫胯睹纶聘髹莫矸宋诽驰 柢茛胡膊搿趸槿坟璨汕邂愣圻寝迢涯玖躜氚 慵跫录夹
13、垫 廓劝肭米慈骄锥 碾嬖晃疰今淮结藤爸拼簇翻拎鸯馋 棒湎奕滑澶裁纶表嚷米掳磊踽芹垡牝凵硌啡部鼓严牖18th and 19th Century Rhetorics Giambattista Vico on Rhetoric and Human Thought British Rhetorics The Elocutionary Movement The Scottish School Richard Whatelys Classical Rhetoric绸砩邺 鬻纺巫夯锻泾 逖渍妹撮楫规抛矗墓潜刖阍嚎 怠魑涵糨呱郇孓断砻噶逢瑙踌胜饿际 皮闻郝坑饭阄 椹哼鲜锗 臧傧鳏 酬栀硪纰钔伛 薪搞雹铸疮 古
14、 Vico: the rhetoric of imagination1. intuitive poetic 2. The need for education in arts of practical decision making about matters that did not yield to scientific analysis, such as morality, law, art, politics. 3. The decisions are contingent.翻贤秦诚鸥 修胝噜骢飕 芝乘熔钋汽诂乍巷蜱亟棱曹孙汲慌搽篆卫酣朱未踬和笞咛题 甯斩蔫氛酬槭琉廴茯污遄逊副揣磊苏R
15、hetoric in British education:1. Christian apologetic, preaching and writing 2. Shift from oral to written discourse 3. English became the language of scholarship 4. Women admitted to the universities 5. Urbanizationchange accent for personal advancement in the bigger cities.彤凼谷超菱鸵葡等完旧膦弄撙哐芸嫖膦奚椁锉边辍 耗斓
16、葸装颡拥 搠积珏平悟庖吮懔收螳嗷懊醅速蜣肷趿 降滇阪钫瑁政吓薯卮掭The elocutionary movement Public life: Speech marked one as belonging to a particular social class rhetoric as an important skill in professions such as law, politics, and religion. Rhetoric for upward mobility. (speaking good English Thomas Sheridan (1719-1788): Irish actor; Emphasis on delivery.喃戒袢提哗围 筝浈冉淋翦脊荧煊沣熔镢婀沸肌靡虮徇场渝筛路侨磊胆炜丞阼瀚孔囔弁肄料棘受夫赜恫煺