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1、大学英语四六级语法基础 第一章 名词 名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词 分类:1)专有名词,表示人、地方、机构、组织等的专有名 称。包括人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名等 等以及某些抽象名词,如 Jim 吉姆(人名)China 中国 July七月 注:专有名词首字母常需大写,若是专有名词词组则每个单 词首字母均需大写,若是缩略词则每个字母均需大写 2)普通名词,具体分为个体名词、集合名词、物质名词、和抽 象名词。其中个体名词表示某类人或东西中的个体,如girl; 集合名词表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如student;物质名 词表示无法分为个体的实物,如water;抽象名词表示动
2、作、 状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如work,happiness 注:专有名词和普通名词中的物质名词和抽象名词为不可数 名词,集体名词和个体名词是可数名词名词的数名词复数的规则变化: 1)一般情况下加-s如,books,desks等 2)以s,x,z,sh,ch等结尾的名词,通常加-es, busbuses,boxboxes,dishdishes等 3)以y结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况:以“辅音字母+y”结 尾的名词,将y改为i再加-es:citycities;以“元音字母+y”结尾的名 词,直接加词尾-s:toytoys,holidayholidays. 注:以ch结尾的名词,若ch读
3、音为【tf】时,则加-es,若为【k】 时就直接加-s,如stomachs; 以y结尾的专有名词,直接加-s变复数; 以o结尾的名词,有些加-es,有些加-s,加-es主要有以下4个, tomato,potato,hero,Negro黑人;zero则皆可; 以f或fe结尾的名词,有两种可能,即有些直接加-s,有些则把f改为 v再加es,如,roofs,knives,后者现有有10个,wife,life, knife,leaf,thief,half,self,shelf,loaf,wolf单数复数同形的名词Sheep fish(加-es时表示种类) deer Chinese mesas work
4、s 名词复数的不规则变化 manmen womanwomen childchildren toothteeth footfeet gooesgeese Mousemice oxoxen 复数形式的固定结构 consider ones feelings make friends with 与某人交朋友 take measures to do sth 采取措施做某事 make repairs 修理 make matters better使情况好转第二章冠词v分类:不定冠词,定冠词,零冠词v冠词的位置:v1、不定冠词的位置A)若遇上such,what,many,half等词, 不定冠词位于其后,如:
5、vHe is not such a fool as he looks.vHe published many a novel.vB)若修饰名词的形容词受as,so,too,how,however,enough等 副词的修饰,则不定冠词放在形容词之后,如: She is as good a cook as her mother. It is too difficult a test for us beginners. He didnt kown how great a mistake he had made.C)quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词位于其后,但若 rather,quite前
6、有形容词修饰,则不定冠词置于前后均可,如 :It was rather a disaster. He is rather an unplearant person.=He is a rather unpleasant person.v2,定冠词的位置v通常位于名词或名词修饰语之前,但若遇上 all,both,double,half,twice,three times等词的时候,定冠词置于其中。如 :vAll the invitations must be sent out today.vThey are twice the size of eggs.vI bought double the a
7、mout of milk.v不定冠词的用法vA)表示泛指或类别v即泛指某类人或物中的任何一个,或笼统指某类中的某一个,但又不具 体说哪一个。如:A plane is a machine that can fly.vB)表示数量一vC)表示序数的增加,即用于序数前表示序数的递增。vSoon we saw a second plane .Then a third and a forth.vD)用于不可数名词前,使得其具体化vA coffee,please.vIt is a pleasure to talk with you.vA Mr Smith wants to see you.vF)用于动作名
8、词前,表示“一次”“一番”等意,如vI must have a wish first.vHe agreed to give it a try.vG)其他用法,用于most前表“很,非常”;用于本身不带冠 词但由于受形容词修饰而带冠词的情形,如vShe is a most mysterious person.vHe left after a quick breakfast.定冠词的用法 vA)表示特指或确指,vB)表示类别或整体,强调整体,而不定冠词 表类别则强调的是个体。vthe rich the poor the oldvC)用于专有名词前vD)其他用法,如用于最高级前,用于独一 无二的事物
9、前,用于方向等等零冠词的用法vA)用于物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词、复数名 词前,表示泛指或一般概念,如:vMan can not live with out water.vMr Smith is eager for success.vTeachers should be kind to students.vB)用于普通的单数可数名词前,如用作呼语是、表 示家庭成员时、用于表示“变成”的连系动词turn,go 之后做表语时、用于倒装时的让步状语从句中时等 。如:It is serious,doctor?vHe was a taxi driver before he turned writer.
10、vTeacher though he is ,he cant kown everything.C)用于抽象化的可数名词前vThe man was more animal than man.vAre you man enough for this dangerous job?vD)用于节假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前。vNational Day is coming.vToday is Monday.vF)用于球类运动、三餐、语言等名词前。(若特指时则可用冠词 )vHe hurt his leg while playing football.vBreakfast is on form 8 to 1
11、0.vIt is not easy to learn English very well.vG)用于某些由介词by构成的方式状语中。如:vby bus(bike,plane,ship,etc) by phone(post,letter,radio)vH)用于正式或独一无二的头衔或职位前。如:vLook ,he is president.vi)用于某些习语vmake ues of keep in touch withvin order to take placev注:1,不要遗漏单数可数名词前必用冠词, 在通常情况下,单数可数名词前应有冠词, 泛指,用不定冠词;特指,用定冠词。v 2,用不同放入
12、冠词有时会导致不同的含 义习题v1、I keep medicines on the top shelf,out of the childrens _vA,reach B,hand C,hold D,placev2、Ill look into the matter as soon as possble .Just have a little _vA,wait B,time C,patience D,restv3、We all know that _speak louder than words.vA,movements B,performancesvC,operations D,actionsv
13、4,For a long time they walked without sayingv_word.Jim was the first to break _silence.vA,the;a B,a;the C,a;/ D,the;/vWhen you finish reading this book,you will have _better understanding of _life.vA,a;the B,the;a C,/;the D,a;/vOur neighbor has _ours.vA,as a big house as B,as big a house asvC,the sa
14、me big house asvD,a house the same big as第三章 代词v代词是代替名词以及相当语名词短语或句子的词,可分为人称代词、物主 代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、连接代词、关系代词 、不定代词。v1)人称代词vA)主格(I ,you ,he,she,we,they等)和宾格(me,you,him,her,them等),原则 上主格用作主语,宾格用作宾语。如:vIf I were her ,I would leave.v注:单独使用的人称代词通常用宾格。如:v“I want to leave.” “Me too.”v“Who did this?” “
15、Me.”vB)人称代词的排列顺序。对于单数人称代词,其排列通常为“二、三、一”即 you,he and me.而对于复数人称代词,则其排列通常为“一、二、三”即 we,you and they.如:vYou ,he and I are all senior students.vWe ,you and they should all help each other.v注:但要表示承认错误时,通常要把第一人称摆在前面。vIt is I and Jack who are to blame.C)人称代词的指代问题v指代人的不定代词 anybody,everybody,nobody,anyone,som
16、eone,ever yone,no one可用单数he,him或复数they,them;而指 代事的不定代词 something,nothing,anything,everything等则只能用 单数it.如:vNobody saw it,did he?v指代动物常用it 或they,有时也用he或they,以示亲 切。如:vGive the cat some food .He is hungry.v指代车、船、国家等,可用it,若表示感情色彩则用 she.如:vEngland has done what she promised to do.v代词we,you ,they有时可用于泛指一般人。如:vThey dont allow us