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1、Lesson FourteenCommercial Law*1法律英语BackgroundnCommercial Law ：nAll the law which applies to the rights, relations and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising, trade and sales. In recent years this body of law has been codified in the Uniform Commercial Code, which has be
2、en almost universally adopted by the states. (http:/ lawnState lawnThe National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws n统一各州法律全国代表大会The Uniform Commercial CodeDate3法律英语nA set of statutes governing the conduct of business, sales, warranties, negotiable instruments, loans secured by persona
3、l property and other commercial matters, which has been adopted with minor variations by all states except Louisiana. (http:/ Uniform Commercial Code 统一商法典Date4法律英语nGeneral Provisions 总 则 nSales the possible economic impact of an activity on commerce among the states will bring it within this power.
4、n最高法院将遵从立法机关对经济原理的选 择；联邦政府一项行为对州际商务可能产 生的经济影响，将使该行为在联邦政府的 权力范围之内。Date19法律英语n The old concepts of physical connection to commerce and the “current of commerce” theories have been discarded as inappropriate judicial restrictions on the commerce power.与商业有实质联系的概念“商业流”理论对商务权力形成不恰当的限制 被抛弃Date20法律英语The Co
5、urt has finally returned to nMarshalls definition of commerce among the states as that which concerns more states than one.n最高法院最终采纳了马歇尔的州际商业 活动定义，即涉及到一个以上州的商务 活动是州际商务活动。John Marshall(1755 - 1835)Date21法律英语nThe justices will defer to the legislative choices in this area and uphold laws if there is a
6、 rational basis upon which Congress could find a relation between its regulation and commerce.n如果国会有根据，能够找出其法规与商 业之间的关系，那么法官将遵从立法机 关的选择，并支持该法律。Date22法律英语nModern Commerce Power Tests 现代商务权力检验标准nThe Modern Delegation of Power Doctrine 现代授权原则nMotive 动机Date23法律英语Modern Commerce Power Testsn1.国会能够就允许州际旅游
7、和航运制 定法律、条件和限制，；n2.国会可以规制任何与商业有紧密或 实质联系的行为，；n3.如果 “必须且合适”，国会可以规 制对商业本无影响的单一州的活动。Date24法律英语The Modern Delegation of Power Doctrinen“Delegation” to States or the Executive Branchn向州政府或行政部门的授权nCongress may pass laws that allow states to independently regulate interstate commercen国会可以通过法律允许州独立规制州际 商务。Da
8、te25法律英语nSuch laws involve a federal adoption of varying structures for commerce rather than any unconstitutional delegation of the commerce power to the states.n 这些法律涉及联邦采用各种贸易结构， 而没有任何违反宪法地将商务权力授予 各州的行为。Date26法律英语The political process in modern times nHas resulted in federal control of wide variet
9、y of intrastate and multistate commercial matters; it has become impossible for the Congress to define with precision the scope and meaning of its commercial statutes.n现代政治进程使得联邦控制了广泛的州 内和州际事务，国会已无法准确定义商 务法规的内涵和外延。Date27法律英语The past half century has witnessednIncreased congressional use of federal e
10、xecutive agencies to administer federal statutes and to promulgate regulations which effectuate legislative policies.n半个世纪以来，国会越来越多地运用联 邦行政机构，由它们管理联邦法律、颁 布履行立法政策的行政法规。Date28法律英语nThe Congress may delegate both rulemaking and administrative functions to the executive branch or agencies it establishes.
11、n国会可以授权它所建立的行政部门或机 构制定行政法规和进行行政管理。Date29法律英语nThe Supreme Court will allow Congress to share its legislative power with the executive branch by delegating aspects of that power to executive agencies.n最高法院允许国会通过授权行政机构将 立法权分配给行政部门。Date30法律英语nSuch legislative delegations will be upheld unless Congress a
12、bdicates one of its powers to the executive agency or fails to give legislative definition of the scope of the agencys power.n 这种立法性授权将得到最高法院的支持 ，除非国会将某项权力放弃给行政机关 ，或者没有就该行政机关的权力范围给 出立法性界定。Date31法律英语If Congress were to grant a private group the power to control its competitors, n如果国会想授予一个私人集团控制其竞争者 的
13、权力，nThere might be a procedural problem regarding whether the persons regulated were deprived of due process by being subject to the will of entities with interests contrary to theirs.n就会出现程序问题，涉及到那些被规制的人 是否因为必须服从于与其利益对立的实体的 意志而被剥夺了正当程序（权利）。Date32法律英语MotivenIf Congress is regulating an activity that
14、 may be deemed to come under the three-part test for the commerce power, the motive of the Congress in passing the regulation is irrelevant.n如果国会管制的行为被认为是符合商务 权力的三个标准，那么国会制定该法规 的动机是无关紧要的。Date33法律英语Motive nCongress may exercise its commerce power for clearly noncommercial reasons.n国会可以出于非商业理由行使其商务 权力
15、。 健康法规刑法民权法Date34法律英语If nThere is a rational basis for finding a sufficient relationship between the regulation and commerce , the act is within the commerce power.n如果有根据发现法规与商务活动之间 存在足够联系，那么该法规就在商务 权力范围之内。regulationcommerceThe law must be upheldDate35法律英语Part Three nThe legal profession, under the
16、leadership of the American Law Institute, has suggested comprehensive codes of laws to be adopted by the states. n法律界人士在美国法学会的领导下，建 议各州采纳综合的法典。Date36法律英语Uniform Commercial Code 统一各州法律全国代表大会统一各州法律全国代表大会美国法学会美国法学会发起、并指导统一商法典的准备Date37法律英语nIn 1942, the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) was designed as a joint project between the American Law Institu
