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1、THE NOMENCLATURE OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDSgraphite 石墨 diatomic molecule 双原子分子 valent 价的 bond 键 electron cloud 电子云 allotropic 同素异形的 amorphous 无定形的 rhombic 斜方的 crystallization 结晶 solution 溶液monoclinic 单斜的 fragment 碎片、断片 viscosity 粘度 mixture 混合物 container 容器 degrade 降解 amorphous 无定形的 quench 骤冷、淬火 helix 螺旋
2、线 iron pyrite 黄铁矿 zinc blende 闪锌矿 1.词类转换多：即在翻译过程中将英文中的某 种词类译成汉语中的另一种词类，如名词动 词，形容词动词，动词名词等等。The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance. 操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。n.v.The continuous process can ordinarily be handled in the less space. 连续过程通常能节省操作空间。adj.v.语法特点With the discovery of thousan
3、ds of（数千的） new inorganic compounds it has become necessary to revise the traditional rules of nomenclature. 随着成千上万新的无机化合物的发现，修正传统的 命名规则成为必然。An international committee has recommended a set of （一套，一组）rules for naming compounds, and these are now being adopted throughout the world. 有个国际委员会建议了一套命名化合物的规
4、则，现 在这套规则正在全世界范围内采用。Many of the older names are still used, however, and our ensuing（跟着发生，继起） discussion will include in many cases both the old and new, with emphasis on the latter. 很多比较陈旧（古老）的名字仍然使用，而我们接 下来的讨论将包括许多旧的和新的命名的例子，重 点是后者。One of the principal changes is that proposed by Albert Stock and
5、now known as the Stock system for the naming of compounds of metals (oxides, hydroxides, and salts) in which the metal may exhibit more than one oxidation state. 一个主要的变化是由Albert Stock建议的、现在 已经广为人知的命名金属化合物（氧化物、氢氧 化物和盐）的Stock命名系统，其中金属化合物中 ，金属可能表现出不止一种氧化态。*In these cases, the oxidation state of the met
6、al is shown by a Roman numeral in parentheses (圆括号) immediately following the English name of the metal which corresponds to its oxidation number.* 在这些例子中，金属的氧化态用与氧化数一致的罗 马数字标在紧随着金属英文名字的圆括号中。 * 注释：在这种情况下，金属氧化态是紧接着金属的 英语名称之后在圆括号中用罗马数字表示，该数字与 金属的氧化数一致。u If the metal has only one common oxidation numbe
7、r, no roman numeral is used. u 如果金属只有一种常见的氧化数，就不用罗马字母 标出了。 u Another important change is in the naming of complex ions and coordination compounds. u 另外一个重要的变化是配离子和配位化合物的命名 。 u We will defer（推迟，延期，服从，听从） the nomenclature of the latter until these compounds are discussed. u 有关后者（配离子和配位化合物）的命名我们将等 到讨论这
8、些化合物时再说。 The student should have a good start in learning nomenclature if he has learned the Valence（化合价 ，原子价） Table 3 which gives both charges on ions and names for the more common ones. 一个学生如果掌握了给出离子电荷和较常见离子名 称的价键表3，他在掌握命名方面就必定有了一个好 的开端。Naming Metal Oxides. Bases, and Salts金属氧化物、碱和盐的命名Table 3. Som
9、e Common Ions 1+2+ammonium NH4+ barium Ba2+copper () Cu+ calcium Ca2+Hydrogen H+ chromium Cr2+ Potassium K+ copper () Cu2+ silver Ag+ iron () Fe2+ sodium Na+ Lead Pb2+Table 3. Some Common Ions (续) 3-2-arsenate AsO43- carbonate CO32-arsenite AsO33- chromate CrO42-phosphate PO43- dichromate Cr2O72-pho
10、sphite PO33- oxalate C2O42-oxide O2-sulfide S2-sulfate SO42-sulfite SO32-uThis is a general phenomenon-strong bonds are formed only between elements of the second period.u一般，强-键的形成只出现在第二周期元素。 uThus, elemental nitrogen and oxygen form stable molecules with both and bonds, but other members of their g
11、roups form more stable structures based on bonds only at ordinary conditions.u因此，元素N和O形成同时含有键和键的稳定分子 ，而同族的其它元素在一般情况下仅形成建立在键基 础上的较稳定的分子。 Note that Group VII elements form diatomic molecules, but bonds are not required for saturation of valence. 请注意VII元素也形成双原子分子，但是并不需要键 来使原子价达到饱和。p Sulfur exhibits all
12、otropic forms. p 硫有几种同素异形体。p Solid sulfur exists in two crystalline forms and in an amorphous formp 固态硫通常以两种结晶形式和一种无定形形式存在 。Rhombic sulfur is obtained by crystallized on from a suitable solution, such as CS2，and it melts at 112. 菱形硫可以在合适的溶液中例如CS2中经过结晶得 到，它的熔点是112。 Monoclinic sulfur is formed by cool
13、ing melted sulfur and it melts at 119. 单斜硫可以通过冷却熔融的硫获得，它的熔点是 119。 Both forms of crystalline sulfur melt into S-gamma ，which is composed of S8 molecules 两种形式的结晶硫都可以经过熔融而变为由S8分子 组成的S硫。 The S8 molecules are puckered rings and survive heating to about 160 Above 160, the S8 rings break open，and some of t
14、hese fragments combine with each other to form a highly viscous mixture of irregularly shaped coils. S8分子是一种折叠形的环，160以下可以稳定存 在，高于160，S8环开始破裂，有些碎片互相结合 形成高黏度的不规则的线圈型混合物。 At a range of higher temperatures the 1iquid sulfur becomes so viscous that it will not pour from its container. 当加热到一定温度范围时，液体硫的黏度变
15、得如 此最大以至不能将熔融硫从容器中倒出。The color also changes from straw yellow at sulfurs melting point to a deep reddish-brown as it becomes more viscous 当黏度增加时，硫的颜色也从熔点时的淡黄色一 直变到深棕红色。 As the boiling point of 444 is approached，the 1arge -coiled molecules of sulfur are partially degraded and the liquid sulfur decreases in viscosity
