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1、Airline Transition CourseIFR Regulations 61, 91 and Received an appropriate ATC clearance3791.175 Instrument Approaches38Instrument approaches to civil airports. Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, when an instrument letdown to a civil airport is necessary, each person operating an air
2、craft, except a military aircraft of the United States, shall use a standard instrument approach procedure. 3991.175 Instrument ApproachesAuthorized DH or MDA. For the purpose of this section, when the approach procedure the authorized DH or MDA is the highest of the following: The DH or MDA prescri
3、bed by the approach procedure. The DH or MDA prescribed for the pilot in command. The DH or MDA for which the aircraft is equipped. 4091.175 : Operation below DH or MDA. Where a DH or MDA is applicable, no pilot may operate an aircraft, except a military aircraft of the United States, at any airport
4、 below the authorized MDA or continue an approach below the authorized DH unless The aircraft is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of descent using normal maneuvers, and for operations conducted under part 121 or part 135
5、 unless that descent rate will allow touchdown to occur within the touchdown zone of the runway of intended landing;4191.175 : Operation below DH or MDA. The flight visibility is not less than the visibility prescribed in the standard instrument approach being used at least one of the following visu
6、al references for the intended runway is distinctly visible and identifiable to the pilot: The approach light system, except that the pilot may not descend below 100 feet above the touchdown zone elevation using the approach lights as a reference unless the red terminating bars or the red side row b
7、ars are also distinctly visible and identifiable4291.175 Operation Below DH or MDAThe threshold. The threshold markings. 4391.175 Operation Below DH or MDAThe threshold lights. 4491.175 Operation Below DH or MDAThe runway end identifier lights. The runway end identifier lights (REILs) consist of two
8、 strobe lights located at the approach end of each runway. The strobe lights allow the quick identification of the runway during periods of low visibility 4591.175 Operation Below DH or MDAThe visual approach slope indicator. 4691.175 Operation Below DH or MDAThe touchdown zone or touchdown zone mar
9、kings. . 4791.175 Operation Below DH or MDAThe touchdown zone lights. The runway or runway markings. The runway lights4891.175 : Landing. No pilot operating an aircraft, except a military aircraft of the United States, may land that aircraft when the flightvisibility is less than the visibility pres
10、cribed in the standard instrument approach procedure being used. 4991.175 Missed approach procedures. Each pilot operating an aircraft, except a military aircraft of the United States, shall immediately execute an appropriate missed approach procedure when either of the following conditions exist: W
11、hen the aircraft is being operated below MDA Upon arrival at the missed approach point, including a DH where a DH is specified and its use is required, and at any time after that until touchdown. Whenever an identifiable part of the airport is not distinctly visible to the pilot during a circling ma
12、neuver at or above MDA, unless the inability to see an identifiable part of the airport results only from a normal bank of the aircraft during the circling approach. 5091.175 -IFR Takeoff Civil airport takeoff minimums. Unless otherwise authorized by the Administrator, no pilot operating an aircraft
13、 under parts 121, 125, 129, or 135 of this chapter may take off from a civil airport under IFR unless weather conditions are at or above the weather minimum for IFR takeoff prescribed for that airport under part 97 of this chapter. If takeoff minimums are not prescribed under part 97 of this chapter
14、 for a particular airport, the following minimums apply to takeoffs under IFR for aircraft operating under those parts: For aircraft having two engines or less - 1 statute mile visibility. For aircraft having more than two engines - 1/2 statute mile visibility. For helicopters 1/2 statute mile visib
15、ility. 51Summary- 91.175 In order to descend below MDA the pilot must: Be in a position to make a normal landing For 121 or 135 touchdown must be in the touchdown zone. Flight visibility must be at least that required in the approach procedure. Except for CAT II or III at least one of the following
16、must be visible: Approach light system (allows the pilot to descend to 100 HAT) Red terminating or side row bars 52 Threshold Markings Lights Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL) Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) Touchdown zone Markings Lights Runway Markings LightsSummary- 91.17553 In order to land under IFR: Flight visibility must be that required by the
